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<title>Overview of new features in Apache 2.2 - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2</title>
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<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2</p>
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<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.2</a></div><div id="page-content"><div class="retired"><h4>Please note</h4>
<p> This document refers to a legacy release (<strong>2.2</strong>) of Apache httpd. The active release (<strong>2.4</strong>) is documented <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current">here</a>. If you have not already upgraded, please follow <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/upgrading.html">this link</a> for more information.</p>
<p>You may follow <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/new_features_2_2.html">this link</a> to go to the current version of this document.</p></div><div id="preamble"><h1>Overview of new features in Apache 2.2</h1>
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<p>This document describes some of the major changes between the
2.0 and 2.2 versions of the Apache HTTP Server. For new features since
version 1.3, see the <a href="new_features_2_0.html">2.0 new features</a>
document.</p>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#core">Core Enhancements</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#module">Module Enhancements</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#programs">Program Enhancements</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#developer">Module Developer Changes</a></li>
</ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="core" id="core">Core Enhancements</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Authn/Authz</dt>
<dd>The bundled authentication and authorization modules have
been refactored. The new <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authn_alias.html">mod_authn_alias</a></code> module
can greatly simplify certain authentication configurations.
See <a href="#module">module name changes</a>, and
<a href="#developer">the developer changes</a> for more
information about how these changes affects users and module
writers.</dd>
<dt>Caching</dt>
<dd><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code>, <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_disk_cache.html">mod_disk_cache</a></code>, and
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_mem_cache.html">mod_mem_cache</a></code> have undergone a lot of changes, and
are now considered production-quality. <code class="program"><a href="./programs/htcacheclean.html">htcacheclean</a></code>
has been introduced to clean up <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_disk_cache.html">mod_disk_cache</a></code>
setups.</dd>
<dt>Configuration</dt>
<dd>The default configuration layout has been simplified and
modularised. Configuration snippets which can be used to
enable commonly-used features are now bundled with Apache, and
can be easily added to the main server config.</dd>
<dt>Graceful stop</dt>
<dd>The <code class="module"><a href="./mod/prefork.html">prefork</a></code>, <code class="module"><a href="./mod/worker.html">worker</a></code> and
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/event.html">event</a></code> MPMs now allow <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code>
to be shutdown gracefully via the
<a href="stopping.html#gracefulstop"><code>graceful-stop</code></a>
signal. The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mpm_common.html#gracefulshutdowntimeout">GracefulShutdownTimeout</a></code> directive
has been added to specify an optional timeout, after which
<code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> will terminate regardless of the status
of any requests being served.</dd>
<dt>Proxying</dt>
<dd>The new <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html">mod_proxy_balancer</a></code> module provides
load balancing services for <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code>.
The new <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy_ajp.html">mod_proxy_ajp</a></code> module adds support for the
<code>Apache JServ Protocol version 1.3</code> used by
<a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/">Apache Tomcat</a>.</dd>
<dt>Regular Expression Library Updated</dt>
<dd>Version 5.0 of the
<a href="http://www.pcre.org/">Perl Compatible Regular Expression
Library</a> (PCRE) is now included. <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> can be
configured to use a system installation of PCRE by passing the
<code>--with-pcre</code> flag to configure.</dd>
<dt>Smart Filtering</dt>
<dd><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_filter.html">mod_filter</a></code> introduces dynamic configuration
to the output filter chain. It enables filters to be conditionally
inserted, based on any Request or Response header or environment
variable, and dispenses with the more problematic dependencies and
ordering problems in the 2.0 architecture.</dd>
<dt>Large File Support</dt>
<dd><code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> is now built with support for files larger
than 2GB on modern 32-bit Unix systems. Support for handling
>2GB request bodies has also been added.</dd>
<dt>Event MPM</dt>
<dd>The <code class="module"><a href="./mod/event.html">event</a></code> MPM uses a separate thread to handle
Keep Alive requests and accepting connections. Keep Alive requests
have traditionally required httpd to dedicate a worker to handle it.
This dedicated worker could not be used again until the Keep Alive
timeout was reached.</dd>
<dt>SQL Database Support</dt>
<dd><p><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dbd.html">mod_dbd</a></code>, together with the <code>apr_dbd</code>
framework, brings direct SQL support to modules that need it.
Supports connection pooling in threaded MPMs.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="module" id="module">Module Enhancements</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>Authn/Authz</dt>
<dd>Modules in the aaa directory have been renamed and offer
better support for digest authentication. For example,
<code>mod_auth</code> is now split into
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_auth_basic.html">mod_auth_basic</a></code> and
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authn_file.html">mod_authn_file</a></code>; <code>mod_auth_dbm</code> is now
called <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authn_dbm.html">mod_authn_dbm</a></code>; <code>mod_access</code> has
been renamed <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authz_host.html">mod_authz_host</a></code>. There is also a new
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authn_alias.html">mod_authn_alias</a></code> module for simplifying
certain authentication configurations.
</dd>
<dt><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authnz_ldap.html">mod_authnz_ldap</a></code></dt>
<dd>This module is a port of the 2.0
<code>mod_auth_ldap</code> module to the 2.2 <code>Authn/Authz</code>
framework. New features include using LDAP attribute values and
complicated search filters in the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#require">Require</a></code> directive.</dd>
<dt><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authz_owner.html">mod_authz_owner</a></code></dt>
<dd>A new module that authorizes access to files based
on the owner of the file on the file system</dd>
<dt><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_version.html">mod_version</a></code></dt>
<dd>A new module that allows configuration blocks to be enabled based on the
version number of the running server.</dd>
<dt><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_info.html">mod_info</a></code></dt>
<dd>Added a new <code>?config</code> argument which will show
the configuration directives as parsed by Apache, including
their file name and line number. The module also
shows the order of all request hooks and additional
build information, similar to <code>httpd -V</code>.</dd>
<dt><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_ssl.html">mod_ssl</a></code></dt>
<dd>Added a support for
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2817.txt">RFC 2817</a>, which
allows connections to upgrade from clear text to TLS encryption.</dd>
<dt><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code></dt>
<dd><code>mod_imap</code> has been renamed to
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code> to avoid user confusion.</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="programs" id="programs">Program Enhancements</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt><code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code></dt>
<dd>A new command line option <code>-M</code> has been added that
lists all modules that are loaded based on the current
configuration. Unlike the <code>-l</code> option, this list
includes DSOs loaded via <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_so.html">mod_so</a></code>.</dd>
<dt><code class="program"><a href="./programs/httxt2dbm.html">httxt2dbm</a></code></dt>
<dd>A new program used to generate dbm files from text input,
for use in <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritemap">RewriteMap</a></code>
with the <code>dbm</code> map type.</dd>
</dl>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="developer" id="developer">Module Developer Changes</a></h2>
<dl>
<dt><a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#apr" title="see glossary">APR</a> 1.0 API</dt>
<dd>Apache 2.2 uses the APR 1.0 API. All deprecated functions and
symbols have been removed from <code>APR</code> and
<code>APR-Util</code>. For details, see the
<a href="http://apr.apache.org/">APR Website</a>.</dd>
<dt>Authn/Authz</dt>
<dd>The bundled authentication and authorization modules have
been renamed along the following lines:
<ul>
<li><code>mod_auth_*</code> -> Modules that implement an HTTP
authentication mechanism</li>
<li><code>mod_authn_*</code> -> Modules that provide a backend
authentication provider</li>
<li><code>mod_authz_*</code> -> Modules that implement
authorization (or access)</li>
<li><code>mod_authnz_*</code> -> Module that implements both
authentication & authorization</li>
</ul>
There is a new authentication backend provider
scheme which greatly eases the construction of new authentication
backends.</dd>
<dt>Connection Error Logging</dt>
<dd>A new function, <code>ap_log_cerror</code> has been added to log
errors that occur with the client's connection. When logged,
the message includes the client IP address.</dd>
<dt>Test Configuration Hook Added</dt>
<dd>A new hook, <code>test_config</code> has been added to aid
modules that want to execute special code only when the user passes
<code>-t</code> to <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code>.</dd>
<dt>Set Threaded MPM's Stacksize</dt>
<dd>A new directive, <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mpm_common.html#threadstacksize">ThreadStackSize</a></code> has been added to
set the stack size on all threaded MPMs. This is required
for some third-party modules on platforms with small default
thread stack size.</dd>
<dt>Protocol handling for output filters</dt>
<dd>In the past, every filter has been responsible for ensuring
that it generates the correct response headers where it affects
them. Filters can now delegate common protocol management to
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_filter.html">mod_filter</a></code>, using the
<code>ap_register_output_filter_protocol</code> or
<code>ap_filter_protocol</code> calls.</dd>
<dt>Monitor hook added</dt>
<dd>Monitor hook enables modules to run regular/scheduled jobs
in the parent (root) process.</dd>
<dt>Regular expression API changes</dt>
<dd>The <code>pcreposix.h</code> header is no longer available;
it is replaced by the new <code>ap_regex.h</code> header. The
POSIX.2 <code>regex.h</code> implementation exposed by the old
header is now available under the <code>ap_</code> namespace
from <code>ap_regex.h</code>. Calls to <code>regcomp</code>,
<code>regexec</code> and so on can be replaced by calls to
<code>ap_regcomp</code>, <code>ap_regexec</code>.</dd>
<dt>DBD Framework (SQL Database API)</dt>
<dd><p>With Apache 1.x and 2.0, modules requiring an SQL backend
had to take responsibility for managing it themselves. Apart
from reinventing the wheel, this can be very inefficient, for
example when several modules each maintain their own connections.</p>
<p>Apache 2.1 and later provides the <code>ap_dbd</code> API for
managing database connections (including optimised strategies
for threaded and unthreaded MPMs), while APR 1.2 and later provides
the <code>apr_dbd</code> API for interacting with the database.</p>
<p>New modules SHOULD now use these APIs for all SQL database
operations. Existing applications SHOULD be upgraded to use it
where feasible, either transparently or as a recommended option
to their users.</p></dd>
</dl>
</div></div>
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