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This is ./automake-1.10.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from
./automake-1.10.texi.
This manual is for GNU Automake (version 1.10.1, 21 January 2008), a
program that creates GNU standards-compliant Makefiles from template
files.
Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover texts,
and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License."
INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming & development tools
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Automake-1.10: (automake-1.10). Making Makefile.in's.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
GNU Automake
************
This manual is for GNU Automake (version 1.10.1, 21 January 2008), a
program that creates GNU standards-compliant Makefiles from template
files.
Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover texts,
and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License."
* Menu:
* Introduction:: Automake's purpose
* Autotools Introduction:: An Introduction to the Autotools
* Generalities:: General ideas
* Examples:: Some example packages
* Invoking Automake:: Creating a Makefile.in
* configure:: Scanning configure.ac or configure.in
* Directories:: Declaring subdirectories
* Programs:: Building programs and libraries
* Other objects:: Other derived objects
* Other GNU Tools:: Other GNU Tools
* Documentation:: Building documentation
* Install:: What gets installed
* Clean:: What gets cleaned
* Dist:: What goes in a distribution
* Tests:: Support for test suites
* Rebuilding:: Automatic rebuilding of Makefile
* Options:: Changing Automake's behavior
* Miscellaneous:: Miscellaneous rules
* Include:: Including extra files in an Automake template.
* Conditionals:: Conditionals
* Gnits:: The effect of `--gnu' and `--gnits'
* Cygnus:: The effect of `--cygnus'
* Not Enough:: When Automake is not Enough
* Distributing:: Distributing the Makefile.in
* API versioning:: About compatibility between Automake versions
* Upgrading:: Upgrading to a Newer Automake Version
* FAQ:: Frequently Asked Questions
* History:: Notes about the history of Automake
* Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual
* Indices:: Indices of variables, macros, and concepts
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
An Introduction to the Autotools
* GNU Build System:: Introducing the GNU Build System
* Use Cases:: Use Cases for the GNU Build System
* Why Autotools:: How Autotools Help
* Hello World:: A Small Hello World Package
Use Cases for the GNU Build System
* Basic Installation:: Common installation procedure
* Standard Targets:: A list of standard Makefile targets
* Standard Directory Variables:: A list of standard directory variables
* Standard Configuration Variables:: Using configuration variables
* config.site:: Using a config.site file
* VPATH Builds:: Parallel build trees
* Two-Part Install:: Installing data and programs separately
* Cross-Compilation:: Building for other architectures
* Renaming:: Renaming programs at install time
* DESTDIR:: Building binary packages with DESTDIR
* Preparing Distributions:: Rolling out tarballs
* Dependency Tracking:: Automatic dependency tracking
* Nested Packages:: The GNU Build Systems can be nested
A Small Hello World
* Creating amhello:: Create `amhello-1.0.tar.gz' from scratch
* amhello Explained:: `configure.ac' and `Makefile.am' explained
General ideas
* General Operation:: General operation of Automake
* Strictness:: Standards conformance checking
* Uniform:: The Uniform Naming Scheme
* Canonicalization:: How derived variables are named
* User Variables:: Variables reserved for the user
* Auxiliary Programs:: Programs automake might require
Some example packages
* Complete:: A simple example, start to finish
* true:: Building true and false
Scanning `configure.ac'
* Requirements:: Configuration requirements
* Optional:: Other things Automake recognizes
* Invoking aclocal:: Auto-generating aclocal.m4
* Macros:: Autoconf macros supplied with Automake
Auto-generating aclocal.m4
* aclocal options:: Options supported by aclocal
* Macro search path:: How aclocal finds .m4 files
* Extending aclocal:: Writing your own aclocal macros
* Local Macros:: Organizing local macros
* Serials:: Serial lines in Autoconf macros
* Future of aclocal:: aclocal's scheduled death
Autoconf macros supplied with Automake
* Public macros:: Macros that you can use.
* Obsolete macros:: Macros that you should stop using.
* Private macros:: Macros that you should not use.
Directories
* Subdirectories:: Building subdirectories recursively
* Conditional Subdirectories:: Conditionally not building directories
* Alternative:: Subdirectories without recursion
* Subpackages:: Nesting packages
Building Programs and Libraries
* A Program:: Building a program
* A Library:: Building a library
* A Shared Library:: Building a Libtool library
* Program and Library Variables:: Variables controlling program and
library builds
* Default _SOURCES:: Default source files
* LIBOBJS:: Special handling for LIBOBJS and ALLOCA
* Program variables:: Variables used when building a program
* Yacc and Lex:: Yacc and Lex support
* C++ Support:: Compiling C++ sources
* Objective C Support:: Compiling Objective C sources
* Unified Parallel C Support:: Compiling Unified Parallel C sources
* Assembly Support:: Compiling assembly sources
* Fortran 77 Support:: Compiling Fortran 77 sources
* Fortran 9x Support:: Compiling Fortran 9x sources
* Java Support:: Compiling Java sources
* Support for Other Languages:: Compiling other languages
* ANSI:: Automatic de-ANSI-fication (obsolete)
* Dependencies:: Automatic dependency tracking
* EXEEXT:: Support for executable extensions
Building a program
* Program Sources:: Defining program sources
* Linking:: Linking with libraries or extra objects
* Conditional Sources:: Handling conditional sources
* Conditional Programs:: Building program conditionally
Building a Shared Library
* Libtool Concept:: Introducing Libtool
* Libtool Libraries:: Declaring Libtool Libraries
* Conditional Libtool Libraries:: Building Libtool Libraries Conditionally
* Conditional Libtool Sources:: Choosing Library Sources Conditionally
* Libtool Convenience Libraries:: Building Convenience Libtool Libraries
* Libtool Modules:: Building Libtool Modules
* Libtool Flags:: Using _LIBADD, _LDFLAGS, and _LIBTOOLFLAGS
* LTLIBOBJS:: Using $(LTLIBOBJS) and $(LTALLOCA)
* Libtool Issues:: Common Issues Related to Libtool's Use
Fortran 77 Support
* Preprocessing Fortran 77:: Preprocessing Fortran 77 sources
* Compiling Fortran 77 Files:: Compiling Fortran 77 sources
* Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++:: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++
Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++
* How the Linker is Chosen:: Automatic linker selection
Fortran 9x Support
* Compiling Fortran 9x Files:: Compiling Fortran 9x sources
Other Derived Objects
* Scripts:: Executable scripts
* Headers:: Header files
* Data:: Architecture-independent data files
* Sources:: Derived sources
Built sources
* Built sources example:: Several ways to handle built sources.
Other GNU Tools
* Emacs Lisp:: Emacs Lisp
* gettext:: Gettext
* Libtool:: Libtool
* Java:: Java
* Python:: Python
Building documentation
* Texinfo:: Texinfo
* Man pages:: Man pages
Miscellaneous Rules
* Tags:: Interfacing to etags and mkid
* Suffixes:: Handling new file extensions
* Multilibs:: Support for multilibs.
When Automake Isn't Enough
* Extending:: Adding new rules or overriding existing ones.
* Third-Party Makefiles:: Integrating Non-Automake `Makefile's.
Frequently Asked Questions about Automake
* CVS:: CVS and generated files
* maintainer-mode:: missing and AM_MAINTAINER_MODE
* wildcards:: Why doesn't Automake support wildcards?
* limitations on file names:: Limitations on source and installed file names
* distcleancheck:: Files left in build directory after distclean
* Flag Variables Ordering:: CFLAGS vs. AM_CFLAGS vs. mumble_CFLAGS
* renamed objects:: Why are object files sometimes renamed?
* Per-Object Flags:: How to simulate per-object flags?
* Multiple Outputs:: Writing rules for tools with many output files
* Hard-Coded Install Paths:: Installing to Hard-Coded Locations
History of Automake
* Timeline:: The Automake story.
* Dependency Tracking Evolution:: Evolution of Automatic Dependency Tracking
* Releases:: Statistics about Automake Releases
Copying This Manual
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual
Indices
* Macro Index:: Index of Autoconf macros
* Variable Index:: Index of Makefile variables
* General Index:: General index
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Autotools Introduction, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Introduction
**************
Automake is a tool for automatically generating `Makefile.in's from
files called `Makefile.am'. Each `Makefile.am' is basically a series
of `make' variable definitions(1), with rules being thrown in
occasionally. The generated `Makefile.in's are compliant with the GNU
Makefile standards.
The GNU Makefile Standards Document (*note Makefile Conventions:
(standards)Makefile Conventions.) is long, complicated, and subject to
change. The goal of Automake is to remove the burden of Makefile
maintenance from the back of the individual GNU maintainer (and put it
on the back of the Automake maintainers).
The typical Automake input file is simply a series of variable
definitions. Each such file is processed to create a `Makefile.in'.
There should generally be one `Makefile.am' per directory of a project.
Automake does constrain a project in certain ways; for instance, it
assumes that the project uses Autoconf (*note Introduction:
(autoconf)Top.), and enforces certain restrictions on the
`configure.ac' contents(2).
Automake requires `perl' in order to generate the `Makefile.in's.
However, the distributions created by Automake are fully GNU
standards-compliant, and do not require `perl' in order to be built.
Mail suggestions and bug reports for Automake to
<bug-automake@gnu.org>.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) These variables are also called "make macros" in Make
terminology, however in this manual we reserve the term "macro" for
Autoconf's macros.
(2) Older Autoconf versions used `configure.in'. Autoconf 2.50 and
greater promotes `configure.ac' over `configure.in'. The rest of this
documentation will refer to `configure.ac', but Automake also supports
`configure.in' for backward compatibility.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Autotools Introduction, Next: Generalities, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
2 An Introduction to the Autotools
**********************************
If you are new to Automake, maybe you know that it is part of a set of
tools called _The Autotools_. Maybe you've already delved into a
package full of files named `configure', `configure.ac', `Makefile.in',
`Makefile.am', `aclocal.m4', ..., some of them claiming to be
_generated by_ Autoconf or Automake. But the exact purpose of these
files and their relations is probably fuzzy. The goal of this chapter
is to introduce you to this machinery, to show you how it works and how
powerful it is. If you've never installed or seen such a package, do
not worry: this chapter will walk you through it.
If you need some teaching material, more illustrations, or a less
`automake'-centered continuation, some slides for this introduction are
available in Alexandre Duret-Lutz's Autotools Tutorial
(http://www-src.lip6.fr/~Alexandre.Duret-Lutz/autotools.html). This
chapter is the written version of the first part of his tutorial.
* Menu:
* GNU Build System:: Introducing the GNU Build System
* Use Cases:: Use Cases for the GNU Build System
* Why Autotools:: How Autotools Help
* Hello World:: A Small Hello World Package
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: GNU Build System, Next: Use Cases, Up: Autotools Introduction
2.1 Introducing the GNU Build System
====================================
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a developer in possession
of a new package, must be in want of a build system.
In the Unix world, such a build system is traditionally achieved
using the command `make' (*note Overview: (make)Top.). The developer
expresses the recipe to build his package in a `Makefile'. This file
is a set of rules to build the files in the package. For instance the
program `prog' may be built by running the linker on the files
`main.o', `foo.o', and `bar.o'; the file `main.o' may be built by
running the compiler on `main.c'; etc. Each time `make' is run, it
reads `Makefile', checks the existence and modification time of the
files mentioned, decides what files need to be built (or rebuilt), and
runs the associated commands.
When a package needs to be built on a different platform than the one
it was developed on, its `Makefile' usually needs to be adjusted. For
instance the compiler may have another name or require more options.
In 1991, David J. MacKenzie got tired of customizing `Makefile' for the
20 platforms he had to deal with. Instead, he handcrafted a little
shell script called `configure' to automatically adjust the `Makefile'
(*note Genesis: (autoconf)Genesis.). Compiling his package was now as
simple as running `./configure && make'.
Today this process has been standardized in the GNU project. The GNU
Coding Standards (*note The Release Process: (standards)Managing
Releases.) explains how each package of the GNU project should have a
`configure' script, and the minimal interface it should have. The
`Makefile' too should follow some established conventions. The result?
A unified build system that makes all packages almost
indistinguishable by the installer. In its simplest scenario, all the
installer has to do is to unpack the package, run `./configure && make
&& make install', and repeat with the next package to install.
We call this build system the "GNU Build System", since it was grown
out of the GNU project. However it is used by a vast number of other
packages: following any existing convention has its advantages.
The Autotools are tools that will create a GNU Build System for your
package. Autoconf mostly focuses on `configure' and Automake on
`Makefile's. It is entirely possible to create a GNU Build System
without the help of these tools. However it is rather burdensome and
error-prone. We will discuss this again after some illustration of the
GNU Build System in action.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Use Cases, Next: Why Autotools, Prev: GNU Build System, Up: Autotools Introduction
2.2 Use Cases for the GNU Build System
======================================
In this section we explore several use cases for the GNU Build System.
You can replay all these examples on the `amhello-1.0.tar.gz' package
distributed with Automake. If Automake is installed on your system,
you should find a copy of this file in
`PREFIX/share/doc/automake/amhello-1.0.tar.gz', where PREFIX is the
installation prefix specified during configuration (PREFIX defaults to
`/usr/local', however if Automake was installed by some GNU/Linux
distribution it most likely has been set to `/usr'). If you do not
have a copy of Automake installed, you can find a copy of this file
inside the `doc/' directory of the Automake package.
Some of the following use cases present features that are in fact
extensions to the GNU Build System. Read: they are not specified by
the GNU Coding Standards, but they are nonetheless part of the build
system created by the Autotools. To keep things simple, we do not
point out the difference. Our objective is to show you many of the
features that the build system created by the Autotools will offer to
you.
* Menu:
* Basic Installation:: Common installation procedure
* Standard Targets:: A list of standard Makefile targets
* Standard Directory Variables:: A list of standard directory variables
* Standard Configuration Variables:: Using configuration variables
* config.site:: Using a config.site file
* VPATH Builds:: Parallel build trees
* Two-Part Install:: Installing data and programs separately
* Cross-Compilation:: Building for other architectures
* Renaming:: Renaming programs at install time
* DESTDIR:: Building binary packages with DESTDIR
* Preparing Distributions:: Rolling out tarballs
* Dependency Tracking:: Automatic dependency tracking
* Nested Packages:: The GNU Build Systems can be nested
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Basic Installation, Next: Standard Targets, Up: Use Cases
2.2.1 Basic Installation
------------------------
The most common installation procedure looks as follows.
~ % tar zxf amhello-1.0.tar.gz
~ % cd amhello-1.0
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure
...
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
...
~/amhello-1.0 % make
...
~/amhello-1.0 % make check
...
~/amhello-1.0 % su
Password:
/home/adl/amhello-1.0 # make install
...
/home/adl/amhello-1.0 # exit
~/amhello-1.0 % make installcheck
...
The user first unpacks the package. Here, and in the following
examples, we will use the non-portable `tar zxf' command for
simplicity. On a system without GNU `tar' installed, this command
should read `gunzip -c amhello-1.0.tar.gz | tar xf -'.
The user then enters the newly created directory to run the
`configure' script. This script probes the system for various
features, and finally creates the `Makefile's. In this toy example
there are only two `Makefile's, but in real-world projects, there may
be many more, usually one `Makefile' per directory.
It is now possible to run `make'. This will construct all the
programs, libraries, and scripts that need to be constructed for the
package. In our example, this compiles the `hello' program. All files
are constructed in place, in the source tree; we will see later how
this can be changed.
`make check' causes the package's tests to be run. This step is not
mandatory, but it is often good to make sure the programs that have
been built behave as they should, before you decide to install them.
Our example does not contain any tests, so running `make check' is a
no-op.
After everything has been built, and maybe tested, it is time to
install it on the system. That means copying the programs, libraries,
header files, scripts, and other data files from the source directory
to their final destination on the system. The command `make install'
will do that. However, by default everything will be installed in
subdirectories of `/usr/local': binaries will go into `/usr/local/bin',
libraries will end up in `/usr/local/lib', etc. This destination is
usually not writable by any user, so we assume that we have to become
root before we can run `make install'. In our example, running `make
install' will copy the program `hello' into `/usr/local/bin' and
`README' into `/usr/local/share/doc/amhello'.
A last and optional step is to run `make installcheck'. This
command may run tests on the installed files. `make check' tests the
files in the source tree, while `make installcheck' tests their
installed copies. The tests run by the latter can be different from
those run by the former. For instance, there are tests that cannot be
run in the source tree. Conversely, some packages are set up so that
`make installcheck' will run the very same tests as `make check', only
on different files (non-installed vs. installed). It can make a
difference, for instance when the source tree's layout is different
from that of the installation. Furthermore it may help to diagnose an
incomplete installation.
Presently most packages do not have any `installcheck' tests because
the existence of `installcheck' is little known, and its usefulness is
neglected. Our little toy package is no better: `make installcheck'
does nothing.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Standard Targets, Next: Standard Directory Variables, Prev: Basic Installation, Up: Use Cases
2.2.2 Standard `Makefile' Targets
---------------------------------
So far we have come across four ways to run `make' in the GNU Build
System: `make', `make check', `make install', and `make installcheck'.
The words `check', `install', and `installcheck', passed as arguments
to `make', are called "targets". `make' is a shorthand for `make all',
`all' being the default target in the GNU Build System.
Here is a list of the most useful targets that the GNU Coding
Standards specify.
`make all'
Build programs, libraries, documentation, etc. (same as `make').
`make install'
Install what needs to be installed, copying the files from the
package's tree to system-wide directories.
`make install-strip'
Same as `make install', then strip debugging symbols. Some users
like to trade space for useful bug reports....
`make uninstall'
The opposite of `make install': erase the installed files. (This
needs to be run from the same build tree that was installed.)
`make clean'
Erase from the build tree the files built by `make all'.
`make distclean'
Additionally erase anything `./configure' created.
`make check'
Run the test suite, if any.
`make installcheck'
Check the installed programs or libraries, if supported.
`make dist'
Recreate `PACKAGE-VERSION.tar.gz' from all the source files.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Standard Directory Variables, Next: Standard Configuration Variables, Prev: Standard Targets, Up: Use Cases
2.2.3 Standard Directory Variables
----------------------------------
The GNU Coding Standards also specify a hierarchy of variables to
denote installation directories. Some of these are:
Directory variable Default value
-------------------------------------------------------
`prefix' `/usr/local'
`exec_prefix' `${prefix}'
`bindir' `${exec_prefix}/bin'
`libdir' `${exec_prefix}/lib'
...
`includedir' `${prefix}/include'
`datarootdir' `${prefix}/share'
`datadir' `${datarootdir}'
`mandir' `${datarootdir}/man'
`infodir' `${datarootdir}/info'
`docdir' `${datarootdir}/doc/${PACKAGE}'
...
Each of these directories has a role which is often obvious from its
name. In a package, any installable file will be installed in one of
these directories. For instance in `amhello-1.0', the program `hello'
is to be installed in BINDIR, the directory for binaries. The default
value for this directory is `/usr/local/bin', but the user can supply a
different value when calling `configure'. Also the file `README' will
be installed into DOCDIR, which defaults to
`/usr/local/share/doc/amhello'.
A user who wishes to install a package on his own account could
proceed as follows:
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure --prefix ~/usr
...
~/amhello-1.0 % make
...
~/amhello-1.0 % make install
...
This would install `~/usr/bin/hello' and
`~/usr/share/doc/amhello/README'.
The list of all such directory options is shown by `./configure
--help'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Standard Configuration Variables, Next: config.site, Prev: Standard Directory Variables, Up: Use Cases
2.2.4 Standard Configuration Variables
--------------------------------------
The GNU Coding Standards also define a set of standard configuration
variables used during the build. Here are some:
`CC'
C compiler command
`CFLAGS'
C compiler flags
`CXX'
C++ compiler command
`CXXFLAGS'
C++ compiler flags
`LDFLAGS'
linker flags
`CPPFLAGS'
C/C++ preprocessor flags
...
`configure' usually does a good job at setting appropriate values
for these variables, but there are cases where you may want to override
them. For instance you may have several versions of a compiler
installed and would like to use another one, you may have header files
installed outside the default search path of the compiler, or even
libraries out of the way of the linker.
Here is how one would call `configure' to force it to use `gcc-3' as
C compiler, use header files from `~/usr/include' when compiling, and
libraries from `~/usr/lib' when linking.
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure --prefix ~/usr CC=gcc-3 \
CPPFLAGS=-I$HOME/usr/include LDFLAGS=-L$HOME/usr/lib
Again, a full list of these variables appears in the output of
`./configure --help'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: config.site, Next: VPATH Builds, Prev: Standard Configuration Variables, Up: Use Cases
2.2.5 Overriding Default Configuration Setting with `config.site'
-----------------------------------------------------------------
When installing several packages using the same setup, it can be
convenient to create a file to capture common settings. If a file
named `PREFIX/share/config.site' exists, `configure' will source it at
the beginning of its execution.
Recall the command from the previous section:
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure --prefix ~/usr CC=gcc-3 \
CPPFLAGS=-I$HOME/usr/include LDFLAGS=-L$HOME/usr/lib
Assuming we are installing many package in `~/usr', and will always
want to use these definitions of `CC', `CPPFLAGS', and `LDFLAGS', we
can automate this by creating the following `~/usr/share/config.site'
file:
test -z "$CC" && CC=gcc-3
test -z "$CPPFLAGS" && CPPFLAGS=-I$HOME/usr/include
test -z "$LDFLAGS" && LDFLAGS=-L$HOME/usr/lib
Now, any time a `configure' script is using the `~/usr' prefix, it
will execute the above `config.site' and define these three variables.
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure --prefix ~/usr
configure: loading site script /home/adl/usr/share/config.site
...
*Note Setting Site Defaults: (autoconf)Site Defaults, for more
information about this feature.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: VPATH Builds, Next: Two-Part Install, Prev: config.site, Up: Use Cases
2.2.6 Parallel Build Trees (a.k.a. VPATH Builds)
------------------------------------------------
The GNU Build System distinguishes two trees: the source tree, and the
build tree.
The source tree is rooted in the directory containing `configure'.
It contains all the sources files (those that are distributed), and may
be arranged using several subdirectories.
The build tree is rooted in the directory in which `configure' was
run, and is populated with all object files, programs, libraries, and
other derived files built from the sources (and hence not distributed).
The build tree usually has the same subdirectory layout as the source
tree; its subdirectories are created automatically by the build system.
If `configure' is executed in its own directory, the source and
build trees are combined: derived files are constructed in the same
directories as their sources. This was the case in our first
installation example (*note Basic Installation::).
A common request from users is that they want to confine all derived
files to a single directory, to keep their source directories
uncluttered. Here is how we could run `configure' to build everything
in a subdirectory called `build/'.
~ % tar zxf ~/amhello-1.0.tar.gz
~ % cd amhello-1.0
~/amhello-1.0 % mkdir build && cd build
~/amhello-1.0/build % ../configure
...
~/amhello-1.0/build % make
...
These setups, where source and build trees are different, are often
called "parallel builds" or "VPATH builds". The expression _parallel
build_ is misleading: the word _parallel_ is a reference to the way the
build tree shadows the source tree, it is not about some concurrency in
the way build commands are run. For this reason we refer to such
setups using the name _VPATH builds_ in the following. _VPATH_ is the
name of the `make' feature used by the `Makefile's to allow these
builds (*note `VPATH': Search Path for All Prerequisites: (make)General
Search.).
VPATH builds have other interesting uses. One is to build the same
sources with multiple configurations. For instance:
~ % tar zxf ~/amhello-1.0.tar.gz
~ % cd amhello-1.0
~/amhello-1.0 % mkdir debug optim && cd debug
~/amhello-1.0/debug % ../configure CFLAGS='-g -O0'
...
~/amhello-1.0/debug % make
...
~/amhello-1.0/debug % cd ../optim
~/amhello-1.0/optim % ../configure CFLAGS='-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer'
...
~/amhello-1.0/optim % make
...
With network file systems, a similar approach can be used to build
the same sources on different machines. For instance, suppose that the
sources are installed on a directory shared by two hosts: `HOST1' and
`HOST2', which may be different platforms.
~ % cd /nfs/src
/nfs/src % tar zxf ~/amhello-1.0.tar.gz
On the first host, you could create a local build directory:
[HOST1] ~ % mkdir /tmp/amh && cd /tmp/amh
[HOST1] /tmp/amh % /nfs/src/amhello-1.0/configure
...
[HOST1] /tmp/amh % make && sudo make install
...
(Here we assume the that installer has configured `sudo' so it can
execute `make install' with root privileges; it is more convenient than
using `su' like in *Note Basic Installation::).
On the second host, you would do exactly the same, possibly at the
same time:
[HOST2] ~ % mkdir /tmp/amh && cd /tmp/amh
[HOST2] /tmp/amh % /nfs/src/amhello-1.0/configure
...
[HOST2] /tmp/amh % make && sudo make install
...
In this scenario, nothing forbids the `/nfs/src/amhello-1.0'
directory from being read-only. In fact VPATH builds are also a means
of building packages from a read-only medium such as a CD-ROM. (The
FSF used to sell CD-ROM with unpacked source code, before the GNU
project grew so big.)
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Two-Part Install, Next: Cross-Compilation, Prev: VPATH Builds, Up: Use Cases
2.2.7 Two-Part Installation
---------------------------
In our last example (*note VPATH Builds::), a source tree was shared by
two hosts, but compilation and installation were done separately on
each host.
The GNU Build System also supports networked setups where part of the
installed files should be shared amongst multiple hosts. It does so by
distinguishing architecture-dependent files from
architecture-independent files, and providing two `Makefile' targets to
install each of these classes of files.
These targets are `install-exec' for architecture-dependent files
and `install-data' for architecture-independent files. The command we
used up to now, `make install', can be thought of as a shorthand for
`make install-exec install-data'.
From the GNU Build System point of view, the distinction between
architecture-dependent files and architecture-independent files is
based exclusively on the directory variable used to specify their
installation destination. In the list of directory variables we
provided earlier (*note Standard Directory Variables::), all the
variables based on EXEC-PREFIX designate architecture-dependent
directories whose files will be installed by `make install-exec'. The
others designate architecture-independent directories and will serve
files installed by `make install-data'. *Note Install::, for more
details.
Here is how we could revisit our two-host installation example,
assuming that (1) we want to install the package directly in `/usr',
and (2) the directory `/usr/share' is shared by the two hosts.
On the first host we would run
[HOST1] ~ % mkdir /tmp/amh && cd /tmp/amh
[HOST1] /tmp/amh % /nfs/src/amhello-1.0/configure --prefix /usr
...
[HOST1] /tmp/amh % make && sudo make install
...
On the second host, however, we need only install the
architecture-specific files.
[HOST2] ~ % mkdir /tmp/amh && cd /tmp/amh
[HOST2] /tmp/amh % /nfs/src/amhello-1.0/configure --prefix /usr
...
[HOST2] /tmp/amh % make && sudo make install-exec
...
In packages that have installation checks, it would make sense to run
`make installcheck' (*note Basic Installation::) to verify that the
package works correctly despite the apparent partial installation.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Cross-Compilation, Next: Renaming, Prev: Two-Part Install, Up: Use Cases
2.2.8 Cross-Compilation
-----------------------
To "cross-compile" is to build on one platform a binary that will run
on another platform. When speaking of cross-compilation, it is
important to distinguish between the "build platform" on which the
compilation is performed, and the "host platform" on which the
resulting executable is expected to run. The following `configure'
options are used to specify each of them:
`--build=BUILD'
The system on which the package is built.
`--host=HOST'
The system where built programs and libraries will run.
When the `--host' is used, `configure' will search for the
cross-compiling suite for this platform. Cross-compilation tools
commonly have their target architecture as prefix of their name. For
instance my cross-compiler for MinGW32 has its binaries called
`i586-mingw32msvc-gcc', `i586-mingw32msvc-ld', `i586-mingw32msvc-as',
etc.
Here is how we could build `amhello-1.0' for `i586-mingw32msvc' on a
GNU/Linux PC.
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure --build i686-pc-linux-gnu --host i586-mingw32msvc
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking for i586-mingw32msvc-strip... i586-mingw32msvc-strip
checking for i586-mingw32msvc-gcc... i586-mingw32msvc-gcc
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.exe
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... yes
checking for suffix of executables... .exe
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether i586-mingw32msvc-gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for i586-mingw32msvc-gcc option to accept ANSI C...
...
~/amhello-1.0 % make
...
~/amhello-1.0 % cd src; file hello.exe
hello.exe: MS Windows PE 32-bit Intel 80386 console executable not relocatable
The `--host' and `--build' options are usually all we need for
cross-compiling. The only exception is if the package being built is
itself a cross-compiler: we need a third option to specify its target
architecture.
`--target=TARGET'
When building compiler tools: the system for which the tools will
create output.
For instance when installing GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection, we can
use `--target=TARGET' to specify that we want to build GCC as a
cross-compiler for TARGET. Mixing `--build' and `--target', we can
actually cross-compile a cross-compiler; such a three-way
cross-compilation is known as a "Canadian cross".
*Note Specifying the System Type: (autoconf)Specifying Names, for
more information about these `configure' options.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Renaming, Next: DESTDIR, Prev: Cross-Compilation, Up: Use Cases
2.2.9 Renaming Programs at Install Time
---------------------------------------
The GNU Build System provides means to automatically rename executables
before they are installed. This is especially convenient when
installing a GNU package on a system that already has a proprietary
implementation you do not want to overwrite. For instance, you may
want to install GNU `tar' as `gtar' so you can distinguish it from your
vendor's `tar'.
This can be done using one of these three `configure' options.
`--program-prefix=PREFIX'
Prepend PREFIX to installed program names.
`--program-suffix=SUFFIX'
Append SUFFIX to installed program names.
`--program-transform-name=PROGRAM'
Run `sed PROGRAM' on installed program names.
The following commands would install `hello' as
`/usr/local/bin/test-hello', for instance.
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure --program-prefix test-
...
~/amhello-1.0 % make
...
~/amhello-1.0 % sudo make install
...
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: DESTDIR, Next: Preparing Distributions, Prev: Renaming, Up: Use Cases
2.2.10 Building Binary Packages Using DESTDIR
---------------------------------------------
The GNU Build System's `make install' and `make uninstall' interface
does not exactly fit the needs of a system administrator who has to
deploy and upgrade packages on lots of hosts. In other words, the GNU
Build System does not replace a package manager.
Such package managers usually need to know which files have been
installed by a package, so a mere `make install' is inappropriate.
The `DESTDIR' variable can be used to perform a staged installation.
The package should be configured as if it was going to be installed in
its final location (e.g., `--prefix /usr'), but when running `make
install', the `DESTDIR' should be set to the absolute name of a
directory into which the installation will be diverted. From this
directory it is easy to review which files are being installed where,
and finally copy them to their final location by some means.
For instance here is how we could create a binary package containing
a snapshot of all the files to be installed.
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure --prefix /usr
...
~/amhello-1.0 % make
...
~/amhello-1.0 % make DESTDIR=$HOME/inst install
...
~/amhello-1.0 % cd ~/inst
~/inst % find . -type f -print > ../files.lst
~/inst % tar zcvf ~/amhello-1.0-i686.tar.gz `cat ../file.lst`
./usr/bin/hello
./usr/share/doc/amhello/README
After this example, `amhello-1.0-i686.tar.gz' is ready to be
uncompressed in `/' on many hosts. (Using ``cat ../file.lst`' instead
of `.' as argument for `tar' avoids entries for each subdirectory in
the archive: we would not like `tar' to restore the modification time
of `/', `/usr/', etc.)
Note that when building packages for several architectures, it might
be convenient to use `make install-data' and `make install-exec' (*note
Two-Part Install::) to gather architecture-independent files in a
single package.
*Note Install::, for more information.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Preparing Distributions, Next: Dependency Tracking, Prev: DESTDIR, Up: Use Cases
2.2.11 Preparing Distributions
------------------------------
We have already mentioned `make dist'. This target collects all your
source files and the necessary parts of the build system to create a
tarball named `PACKAGE-VERSION.tar.gz'.
Another, more useful command is `make distcheck'. The `distcheck'
target constructs `PACKAGE-VERSION.tar.gz' just as well as `dist', but
it additionally ensures most of the use cases presented so far work:
* It attempts a full compilation of the package (*note Basic
Installation::), unpacking the newly constructed tarball, running
`make', `make check', `make install', as well as `make
installcheck', and even `make dist',
* it tests VPATH builds with read-only source tree (*note VPATH
Builds::),
* it makes sure `make clean', `make distclean', and `make uninstall'
do not omit any file (*note Standard Targets::),
* and it checks that `DESTDIR' installations work (*note DESTDIR::).
All of these actions are performed in a temporary subdirectory, so
that no root privileges are required.
Releasing a package that fails `make distcheck' means that one of
the scenarios we presented will not work and some users will be
disappointed. Therefore it is a good practice to release a package
only after a successful `make distcheck'. This of course does not
imply that the package will be flawless, but at least it will prevent
some of the embarrassing errors you may find in packages released by
people who have never heard about `distcheck' (like `DESTDIR' not
working because of a typo, or a distributed file being erased by `make
clean', or even `VPATH' builds not working).
*Note Creating amhello::, to recreate `amhello-1.0.tar.gz' using
`make distcheck'. *Note Dist::, for more information about `distcheck'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Dependency Tracking, Next: Nested Packages, Prev: Preparing Distributions, Up: Use Cases
2.2.12 Automatic Dependency Tracking
------------------------------------
Dependency tracking is performed as a side-effect of compilation. Each
time the build system compiles a source file, it computes its list of
dependencies (in C these are the header files included by the source
being compiled). Later, any time `make' is run and a dependency
appears to have changed, the dependent files will be rebuilt.
When `configure' is executed, you can see it probing each compiler
for the dependency mechanism it supports (several mechanisms can be
used):
~/amhello-1.0 % ./configure --prefix /usr
...
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
...
Because dependencies are only computed as a side-effect of the
compilation, no dependency information exists the first time a package
is built. This is OK because all the files need to be built anyway:
`make' does not have to decide which files need to be rebuilt. In
fact, dependency tracking is completely useless for one-time builds and
there is a `configure' option to disable this:
`--disable-dependency-tracking'
Speed up one-time builds.
Some compilers do not offer any practical way to derive the list of
dependencies as a side-effect of the compilation, requiring a separate
run (maybe of another tool) to compute these dependencies. The
performance penalty implied by these methods is important enough to
disable them by default. The option `--enable-dependency-tracking'
must be passed to `configure' to activate them.
`--enable-dependency-tracking'
Do not reject slow dependency extractors.
*Note Dependency Tracking Evolution::, for some discussion about the
different dependency tracking schemes used by Automake over the years.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Nested Packages, Prev: Dependency Tracking, Up: Use Cases
2.2.13 Nested Packages
----------------------
Although nesting packages isn't something we would recommend to someone
who is discovering the Autotools, it is a nice feature worthy of
mention in this small advertising tour.
Autoconfiscated packages (that means packages whose build system have
been created by Autoconf and friends) can be nested to arbitrary depth.
A typical setup is that a package A will distribute one of the
libraries it needs in a subdirectory. This library B is a complete
package with its own GNU Build System. The `configure' script of A will
run the `configure' script of B as part of its execution, building and
installing A will also build and install B. Generating a distribution
for A will also include B.
It is possible to gather several package like this. GCC is a heavy
user of this feature. This gives installers a single package to
configure, build and install, while it allows developers to work on
subpackages independently.
When configuring nested packages, the `configure' options given to
the top-level `configure' are passed recursively to nested
`configure's. A package that does not understand an option will ignore
it, assuming it is meaningful to some other package.
The command `configure --help=recursive' can be used to display the
options supported by all the included packages.
*Note Subpackages::, for an example setup.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Why Autotools, Next: Hello World, Prev: Use Cases, Up: Autotools Introduction
2.3 How Autotools Help
======================
There are several reasons why you may not want to implement the GNU
Build System yourself (read: write a `configure' script and `Makefile's
yourself).
* As we have seen, the GNU Build System has a lot of features (*note
Use Cases::). Some users may expect features you have not
implemented because you did not need them.
* Implementing these features portably is difficult and exhausting.
Think of writing portable shell scripts, and portable `Makefile's,
for systems you may not have handy. *Note Portable Shell
Programming: (autoconf)Portable Shell, to convince yourself.
* You will have to upgrade your setup to follow changes to the GNU
Coding Standards.
The GNU Autotools take all this burden off your back and provide:
* Tools to create a portable, complete, and self-contained GNU Build
System, from simple instructions. _Self-contained_ meaning the
resulting build system does not require the GNU Autotools.
* A central place where fixes and improvements are made: a bug-fix
for a portability issue will benefit every package.
Yet there also exist reasons why you may want NOT to use the
Autotools.... For instance you may be already using (or used to)
another incompatible build system. Autotools will only be useful if
you do accept the concepts of the GNU Build System. People who have
their own idea of how a build system should work will feel frustrated
by the Autotools.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Hello World, Prev: Why Autotools, Up: Autotools Introduction
2.4 A Small Hello World
=======================
In this section we recreate the `amhello-1.0' package from scratch.
The first subsection shows how to call the Autotools to instantiate the
GNU Build System, while the second explains the meaning of the
`configure.ac' and `Makefile.am' files read by the Autotools.
* Menu:
* Creating amhello:: Create `amhello-1.0.tar.gz' from scratch
* amhello Explained:: `configure.ac' and `Makefile.am' explained
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Creating amhello, Next: amhello Explained, Up: Hello World
2.4.1 Creating `amhello-1.0.tar.gz'
-----------------------------------
Here is how we can recreate `amhello-1.0.tar.gz' from scratch. The
package is simple enough so that we will only need to write 5 files.
(You may copy them from the final `amhello-1.0.tar.gz' that is
distributed with Automake if you do not want to write them.)
Create the following files in an empty directory.
* `src/main.c' is the source file for the `hello' program. We store
it in the `src/' subdirectory, because later, when the package
evolves, it will ease the addition of a `man/' directory for man
pages, a `data/' directory for data files, etc.
~/amhello % cat src/main.c
#include <config.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int
main (void)
{
puts ("Hello World!");
puts ("This is " PACKAGE_STRING ".");
return 0;
}
* `README' contains some very limited documentation for our little
package.
~/amhello % cat README
This is a demonstration package for GNU Automake.
Type `info Automake' to read the Automake manual.
* `Makefile.am' and `src/Makefile.am' contain Automake instructions
for these two directories.
~/amhello % cat src/Makefile.am
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = main.c
~/amhello % cat Makefile.am
SUBDIRS = src
dist_doc_DATA = README
* Finally, `configure.ac' contains Autoconf instructions to create
the `configure' script.
~/amhello % cat configure.ac
AC_INIT([amhello], [1.0], [bug-automake@gnu.org])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall -Werror foreign])
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
Makefile
src/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT
Once you have these five files, it is time to run the Autotools to
instantiate the build system. Do this using the `autoreconf' command
as follows:
~/amhello % autoreconf --install
configure.ac: installing `./install-sh'
configure.ac: installing `./missing'
src/Makefile.am: installing `./depcomp'
At this point the build system is complete.
In addition to the three scripts mentioned in its output, you can see
that `autoreconf' created four other files: `configure', `config.h.in',
`Makefile.in', and `src/Makefile.in'. The latter three files are
templates that will be adapted to the system by `configure' under the
names `config.h', `Makefile', and `src/Makefile'. Let's do this:
~/amhello % ./configure
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... no
checking for mawk... mawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of executables...
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking for style of include used by make... GNU
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
config.status: creating config.h
config.status: executing depfiles commands
You can see `Makefile', `src/Makefile', and `config.h' being created
at the end after `configure' has probed the system. It is now possible
to run all the targets we wish (*note Standard Targets::). For
instance:
~/amhello % make
...
~/amhello % src/hello
Hello World!
This is amhello 1.0.
~/amhello % make distcheck
...
=============================================
amhello-1.0 archives ready for distribution:
amhello-1.0.tar.gz
=============================================
Note that running `autoreconf' is only needed initially when the GNU
Build System does not exist. When you later change some instructions
in a `Makefile.am' or `configure.ac', the relevant part of the build
system will be regenerated automatically when you execute `make'.
`autoreconf' is a script that calls `autoconf', `automake', and a
bunch of other commands in the right order. If you are beginning with
these tools, it is not important to figure out in which order all these
tools should be invoked and why. However, because Autoconf and
Automake have separate manuals, the important point to understand is
that `autoconf' is in charge of creating `configure' from
`configure.ac', while `automake' is in charge of creating
`Makefile.in's from `Makefile.am's and `configure.ac'. This should at
least direct you to the right manual when seeking answers.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: amhello Explained, Prev: Creating amhello, Up: Hello World
2.4.2 `amhello-1.0' Explained
-----------------------------
Let us begin with the contents of `configure.ac'.
AC_INIT([amhello], [1.0], [bug-automake@gnu.org])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall -Werror foreign])
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
Makefile
src/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT
This file is read by both `autoconf' (to create `configure.ac') and
`automake' (to create the various `Makefile.in's). It contains a
series of M4 macros that will be expanded as shell code to finally form
the `configure' script. We will not elaborate on the syntax of this
file, because the Autoconf manual has a whole section about it (*note
Writing `configure.ac': (autoconf)Writing configure.ac.).
The macros prefixed with `AC_' are Autoconf macros, documented in
the Autoconf manual (*note Autoconf Macro Index: (autoconf)Autoconf
Macro Index.). The macros that start with `AM_' are Automake macros,
documented later in this manual (*note Macro Index::).
The first two lines of `configure.ac' initialize Autoconf and
Automake. `AC_INIT' takes in as parameters the name of the package,
its version number, and a contact address for bug-reports about the
package (this address is output at the end of `./configure --help', for
instance). When adapting this setup to your own package, by all means
please do not blindly copy Automake's address: use the mailing list of
your package, or your own mail address.
The argument to `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' is a list of options for
`automake' (*note Options::). `-Wall' and `-Werror' ask `automake' to
turn on all warnings and report them as errors. We are speaking of
*Automake* warnings here, such as dubious instructions in
`Makefile.am'. This has absolutely nothing to do with how the compiler
will be called, even though it may support options with similar names.
Using `-Wall -Werror' is a safe setting when starting to work on a
package: you do not want to miss any issues. Later you may decide to
relax things a bit. The `foreign' option tells Automake that this
package will not follow the GNU Standards. GNU packages should always
distribute additional files such as `ChangeLog', `AUTHORS', etc. We do
not want `automake' to complain about these missing files in our small
example.
The `AC_PROG_CC' line causes the `configure' script to search for a
C compiler and define the variable `CC' with its name. The
`src/Makefile.in' file generated by Automake uses the variable `CC' to
build `hello', so when `configure' creates `src/Makefile' from
`src/Makefile.in', it will define `CC' with the value it has found. If
Automake is asked to create a `Makefile.in' that uses `CC' but
`configure.ac' does not define it, it will suggest you add a call to
`AC_PROG_CC'.
The `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])' invocation causes the
`configure' script to create a `config.h' file gathering `#define's
defined by other macros in `configure.ac'. In our case, the `AC_INIT'
macro already defined a few of them. Here is an excerpt of `config.h'
after `configure' has run:
...
/* Define to the address where bug reports for this package should be sent. */
#define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "bug-automake@gnu.org"
/* Define to the full name and version of this package. */
#define PACKAGE_STRING "amhello 1.0"
...
As you probably noticed, `src/main.c' includes `config.h' so it can
use `PACKAGE_STRING'. In a real-world project, `config.h' can grow
really big, with one `#define' per feature probed on the system.
The `AC_CONFIG_FILES' macro declares the list of files that
`configure' should create from their `*.in' templates. Automake also
scans this list to find the `Makefile.am' files it must process. (This
is important to remember: when adding a new directory to your project,
you should add its `Makefile' to this list, otherwise Automake will
never process the new `Makefile.am' you wrote in that directory.)
Finally, the `AC_OUTPUT' line is a closing command that actually
produces the part of the script in charge of creating the files
registered with `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' and `AC_CONFIG_FILES'.
When starting a new project, we suggest you start with such a simple
`configure.ac', and gradually add the other tests it requires. The
command `autoscan' can also suggest a few of the tests your package may
need (*note Using `autoscan' to Create `configure.ac':
(autoconf)autoscan Invocation.).
We now turn to `src/Makefile.am'. This file contains Automake
instructions to build and install `hello'.
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = main.c
A `Makefile.am' has the same syntax as an ordinary `Makefile'. When
`automake' processes a `Makefile.am' it copies the entire file into the
output `Makefile.in' (that will be later turned into `Makefile' by
`configure') but will react to certain variable definitions by
generating some build rules and other variables. Often `Makefile.am's
contain only a list of variable definitions as above, but they can also
contain other variable and rule definitions that `automake' will pass
along without interpretation.
Variables that end with `_PROGRAMS' are special variables that list
programs that the resulting `Makefile' should build. In Automake
speak, this `_PROGRAMS' suffix is called a "primary"; Automake
recognizes other primaries such as `_SCRIPTS', `_DATA', `_LIBRARIES',
etc. corresponding to different types of files.
The `bin' part of the `bin_PROGRAMS' tells `automake' that the
resulting programs should be installed in BINDIR. Recall that the GNU
Build System uses a set of variables to denote destination directories
and allow users to customize these locations (*note Standard Directory
Variables::). Any such directory variable can be put in front of a
primary (omitting the `dir' suffix) to tell `automake' where to install
the listed files.
Programs need to be built from source files, so for each program
`PROG' listed in a `_PROGRAMS' variable, `automake' will look for
another variable named `PROG_SOURCES' listing its source files. There
may be more than one source file: they will all be compiled and linked
together.
Automake also knows that source files need to be distributed when
creating a tarball (unlike built programs). So a side-effect of this
`hello_SOURCES' declaration is that `main.c' will be part of the
tarball created by `make dist'.
Finally here are some explanations regarding the top-level
`Makefile.am'.
SUBDIRS = src
dist_doc_DATA = README
`SUBDIRS' is a special variable listing all directories that `make'
should recurse into before processing the current directory. So this
line is responsible for `make' building `src/hello' even though we run
it from the top-level. This line also causes `make install' to install
`src/hello' before installing `README' (not that this order matters).
The line `dist_doc_DATA = README' causes `README' to be distributed
and installed in DOCDIR. Files listed with the `_DATA' primary are not
automatically part of the tarball built with `make dist', so we add the
`dist_' prefix so they get distributed. However, for `README' it would
not have been necessary: `automake' automatically distributes any
`README' file it encounters (the list of other files automatically
distributed is presented by `automake --help'). The only important
effect of this second line is therefore to install `README' during
`make install'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Generalities, Next: Examples, Prev: Autotools Introduction, Up: Top
3 General ideas
***************
The following sections cover a few basic ideas that will help you
understand how Automake works.
* Menu:
* General Operation:: General operation of Automake
* Strictness:: Standards conformance checking
* Uniform:: The Uniform Naming Scheme
* Canonicalization:: How derived variables are named
* User Variables:: Variables reserved for the user
* Auxiliary Programs:: Programs automake might require
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: General Operation, Next: Strictness, Up: Generalities
3.1 General Operation
=====================
Automake works by reading a `Makefile.am' and generating a
`Makefile.in'. Certain variables and rules defined in the
`Makefile.am' instruct Automake to generate more specialized code; for
instance, a `bin_PROGRAMS' variable definition will cause rules for
compiling and linking programs to be generated.
The variable definitions and rules in the `Makefile.am' are copied
verbatim into the generated file. This allows you to add arbitrary
code into the generated `Makefile.in'. For instance, the Automake
distribution includes a non-standard rule for the `git-dist' target,
which the Automake maintainer uses to make distributions from his
source control system.
Note that most GNU make extensions are not recognized by Automake.
Using such extensions in a `Makefile.am' will lead to errors or
confusing behavior.
A special exception is that the GNU make append operator, `+=', is
supported. This operator appends its right hand argument to the
variable specified on the left. Automake will translate the operator
into an ordinary `=' operator; `+=' will thus work with any make
program.
Automake tries to keep comments grouped with any adjoining rules or
variable definitions.
A rule defined in `Makefile.am' generally overrides any such rule of
a similar name that would be automatically generated by `automake'.
Although this is a supported feature, it is generally best to avoid
making use of it, as sometimes the generated rules are very particular.
Similarly, a variable defined in `Makefile.am' or `AC_SUBST'ed from
`configure.ac' will override any definition of the variable that
`automake' would ordinarily create. This feature is more often useful
than the ability to override a rule. Be warned that many of the
variables generated by `automake' are considered to be for internal use
only, and their names might change in future releases.
When examining a variable definition, Automake will recursively
examine variables referenced in the definition. For example, if
Automake is looking at the content of `foo_SOURCES' in this snippet
xs = a.c b.c
foo_SOURCES = c.c $(xs)
it would use the files `a.c', `b.c', and `c.c' as the contents of
`foo_SOURCES'.
Automake also allows a form of comment that is _not_ copied into the
output; all lines beginning with `##' (leading spaces allowed) are
completely ignored by Automake.
It is customary to make the first line of `Makefile.am' read:
## Process this file with automake to produce Makefile.in
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Strictness, Next: Uniform, Prev: General Operation, Up: Generalities
3.2 Strictness
==============
While Automake is intended to be used by maintainers of GNU packages, it
does make some effort to accommodate those who wish to use it, but do
not want to use all the GNU conventions.
To this end, Automake supports three levels of "strictness"--the
strictness indicating how stringently Automake should check standards
conformance.
The valid strictness levels are:
`foreign'
Automake will check for only those things that are absolutely
required for proper operations. For instance, whereas GNU
standards dictate the existence of a `NEWS' file, it will not be
required in this mode. The name comes from the fact that Automake
is intended to be used for GNU programs; these relaxed rules are
not the standard mode of operation.
`gnu'
Automake will check--as much as possible--for compliance to the GNU
standards for packages. This is the default.
`gnits'
Automake will check for compliance to the as-yet-unwritten "Gnits
standards". These are based on the GNU standards, but are even
more detailed. Unless you are a Gnits standards contributor, it is
recommended that you avoid this option until such time as the Gnits
standard is actually published (which may never happen).
*Note Gnits::, for more information on the precise implications of
the strictness level.
Automake also has a special "cygnus" mode that is similar to
strictness but handled differently. This mode is useful for packages
that are put into a "Cygnus" style tree (e.g., the GCC tree). *Note
Cygnus::, for more information on this mode.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Uniform, Next: Canonicalization, Prev: Strictness, Up: Generalities
3.3 The Uniform Naming Scheme
=============================
Automake variables generally follow a "uniform naming scheme" that
makes it easy to decide how programs (and other derived objects) are
built, and how they are installed. This scheme also supports
`configure' time determination of what should be built.
At `make' time, certain variables are used to determine which
objects are to be built. The variable names are made of several pieces
that are concatenated together.
The piece that tells automake what is being built is commonly called
the "primary". For instance, the primary `PROGRAMS' holds a list of
programs that are to be compiled and linked.
A different set of names is used to decide where the built objects
should be installed. These names are prefixes to the primary, and they
indicate which standard directory should be used as the installation
directory. The standard directory names are given in the GNU standards
(*note Directory Variables: (standards)Directory Variables.). Automake
extends this list with `pkglibdir', `pkgincludedir', and `pkgdatadir';
these are the same as the non-`pkg' versions, but with `$(PACKAGE)'
appended. For instance, `pkglibdir' is defined as
`$(libdir)/$(PACKAGE)'.
For each primary, there is one additional variable named by
prepending `EXTRA_' to the primary name. This variable is used to list
objects that may or may not be built, depending on what `configure'
decides. This variable is required because Automake must statically
know the entire list of objects that may be built in order to generate
a `Makefile.in' that will work in all cases.
For instance, `cpio' decides at configure time which programs should
be built. Some of the programs are installed in `bindir', and some are
installed in `sbindir':
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax
sbin_PROGRAMS = $(MORE_PROGRAMS)
Defining a primary without a prefix as a variable, e.g., `PROGRAMS',
is an error.
Note that the common `dir' suffix is left off when constructing the
variable names; thus one writes `bin_PROGRAMS' and not
`bindir_PROGRAMS'.
Not every sort of object can be installed in every directory.
Automake will flag those attempts it finds in error. Automake will
also diagnose obvious misspellings in directory names.
Sometimes the standard directories--even as augmented by
Automake--are not enough. In particular it is sometimes useful, for
clarity, to install objects in a subdirectory of some predefined
directory. To this end, Automake allows you to extend the list of
possible installation directories. A given prefix (e.g., `zar') is
valid if a variable of the same name with `dir' appended is defined
(e.g., `zardir').
For instance, the following snippet will install `file.xml' into
`$(datadir)/xml'.
xmldir = $(datadir)/xml
xml_DATA = file.xml
The special prefix `noinst_' indicates that the objects in question
should be built but not installed at all. This is usually used for
objects required to build the rest of your package, for instance static
libraries (*note A Library::), or helper scripts.
The special prefix `check_' indicates that the objects in question
should not be built until the `make check' command is run. Those
objects are not installed either.
The current primary names are `PROGRAMS', `LIBRARIES', `LISP',
`PYTHON', `JAVA', `SCRIPTS', `DATA', `HEADERS', `MANS', and `TEXINFOS'.
Some primaries also allow additional prefixes that control other
aspects of `automake''s behavior. The currently defined prefixes are
`dist_', `nodist_', and `nobase_'. These prefixes are explained later
(*note Program and Library Variables::).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Canonicalization, Next: User Variables, Prev: Uniform, Up: Generalities
3.4 How derived variables are named
===================================
Sometimes a Makefile variable name is derived from some text the
maintainer supplies. For instance, a program name listed in
`_PROGRAMS' is rewritten into the name of a `_SOURCES' variable. In
cases like this, Automake canonicalizes the text, so that program names
and the like do not have to follow Makefile variable naming rules. All
characters in the name except for letters, numbers, the strudel (@),
and the underscore are turned into underscores when making variable
references.
For example, if your program is named `sniff-glue', the derived
variable name would be `sniff_glue_SOURCES', not `sniff-glue_SOURCES'.
Similarly the sources for a library named `libmumble++.a' should be
listed in the `libmumble___a_SOURCES' variable.
The strudel is an addition, to make the use of Autoconf
substitutions in variable names less obfuscating.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: User Variables, Next: Auxiliary Programs, Prev: Canonicalization, Up: Generalities
3.5 Variables reserved for the user
===================================
Some `Makefile' variables are reserved by the GNU Coding Standards for
the use of the "user"--the person building the package. For instance,
`CFLAGS' is one such variable.
Sometimes package developers are tempted to set user variables such
as `CFLAGS' because it appears to make their job easier. However, the
package itself should never set a user variable, particularly not to
include switches that are required for proper compilation of the
package. Since these variables are documented as being for the package
builder, that person rightfully expects to be able to override any of
these variables at build time.
To get around this problem, Automake introduces an automake-specific
shadow variable for each user flag variable. (Shadow variables are not
introduced for variables like `CC', where they would make no sense.)
The shadow variable is named by prepending `AM_' to the user variable's
name. For instance, the shadow variable for `YFLAGS' is `AM_YFLAGS'.
The package maintainer--that is, the author(s) of the `Makefile.am' and
`configure.ac' files--may adjust these shadow variables however
necessary.
*Note Flag Variables Ordering::, for more discussion about these
variables and how they interact with per-target variables.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Auxiliary Programs, Prev: User Variables, Up: Generalities
3.6 Programs automake might require
===================================
Automake sometimes requires helper programs so that the generated
`Makefile' can do its work properly. There are a fairly large number
of them, and we list them here.
Although all of these files are distributed and installed with
Automake, a couple of them are maintained separately. The Automake
copies are updated before each release, but we mention the original
source in case you need more recent versions.
`ansi2knr.c'
`ansi2knr.1'
These two files are used by the obsolete de-ANSI-fication support
(*note ANSI::).
`compile'
This is a wrapper for compilers that do not accept options `-c'
and `-o' at the same time. It is only used when absolutely
required. Such compilers are rare.
`config.guess'
`config.sub'
These two programs compute the canonical triplets for the given
build, host, or target architecture. These programs are updated
regularly to support new architectures and fix probes broken by
changes in new kernel versions. Each new release of Automake
comes with up-to-date copies of these programs. If your copy of
Automake is getting old, you are encouraged to fetch the latest
versions of these files from
`http://savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=config' before making a
release.
`config-ml.in'
This file is not a program, it is a `configure' fragment used for
multilib support (*note Multilibs::). This file is maintained in
the GCC tree at `http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html'.
`depcomp'
This program understands how to run a compiler so that it will
generate not only the desired output but also dependency
information that is then used by the automatic dependency tracking
feature (*note Dependencies::).
`elisp-comp'
This program is used to byte-compile Emacs Lisp code.
`install-sh'
This is a replacement for the `install' program that works on
platforms where `install' is unavailable or unusable.
`mdate-sh'
This script is used to generate a `version.texi' file. It examines
a file and prints some date information about it.
`missing'
This wraps a number of programs that are typically only required by
maintainers. If the program in question doesn't exist, `missing'
prints an informative warning and attempts to fix things so that
the build can continue.
`mkinstalldirs'
This script used to be a wrapper around `mkdir -p', which is not
portable. Now we prefer to use `install-sh -d' when configure
finds that `mkdir -p' does not work, this makes one less script to
distribute.
For backward compatibility `mkinstalldirs' is still used and
distributed when `automake' finds it in a package. But it is no
longer installed automatically, and it should be safe to remove it.
`py-compile'
This is used to byte-compile Python scripts.
`symlink-tree'
This program duplicates a tree of directories, using symbolic links
instead of copying files. Such operation is performed when
building multilibs (*note Multilibs::). This file is maintained
in the GCC tree at `http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html'.
`texinfo.tex'
Not a program, this file is required for `make dvi', `make ps' and
`make pdf' to work when Texinfo sources are in the package. The
latest version can be downloaded from
`http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/'.
`ylwrap'
This program wraps `lex' and `yacc' to rename their output files.
It also ensures that, for instance, multiple `yacc' instances can
be invoked in a single directory in parallel.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Examples, Next: Invoking Automake, Prev: Generalities, Up: Top
4 Some example packages
***********************
This section contains two small examples.
The first example (*note Complete::) assumes you have an existing
project already using Autoconf, with handcrafted `Makefile's, and that
you want to convert it to using Automake. If you are discovering both
tools, it is probably better that you look at the Hello World example
presented earlier (*note Hello World::).
The second example (*note true::) shows how two programs can be built
from the same file, using different compilation parameters. It
contains some technical digressions that are probably best skipped on
first read.
* Menu:
* Complete:: A simple example, start to finish
* true:: Building true and false
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Complete, Next: true, Up: Examples
4.1 A simple example, start to finish
=====================================
Let's suppose you just finished writing `zardoz', a program to make
your head float from vortex to vortex. You've been using Autoconf to
provide a portability framework, but your `Makefile.in's have been
ad-hoc. You want to make them bulletproof, so you turn to Automake.
The first step is to update your `configure.ac' to include the
commands that `automake' needs. The way to do this is to add an
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' call just after `AC_INIT':
AC_INIT([zardoz], [1.0])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
...
Since your program doesn't have any complicating factors (e.g., it
doesn't use `gettext', it doesn't want to build a shared library),
you're done with this part. That was easy!
Now you must regenerate `configure'. But to do that, you'll need to
tell `autoconf' how to find the new macro you've used. The easiest way
to do this is to use the `aclocal' program to generate your
`aclocal.m4' for you. But wait... maybe you already have an
`aclocal.m4', because you had to write some hairy macros for your
program. The `aclocal' program lets you put your own macros into
`acinclude.m4', so simply rename and then run:
mv aclocal.m4 acinclude.m4
aclocal
autoconf
Now it is time to write your `Makefile.am' for `zardoz'. Since
`zardoz' is a user program, you want to install it where the rest of
the user programs go: `bindir'. Additionally, `zardoz' has some
Texinfo documentation. Your `configure.ac' script uses
`AC_REPLACE_FUNCS', so you need to link against `$(LIBOBJS)'. So
here's what you'd write:
bin_PROGRAMS = zardoz
zardoz_SOURCES = main.c head.c float.c vortex9.c gun.c
zardoz_LDADD = $(LIBOBJS)
info_TEXINFOS = zardoz.texi
Now you can run `automake --add-missing' to generate your
`Makefile.in' and grab any auxiliary files you might need, and you're
done!
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: true, Prev: Complete, Up: Examples
4.2 Building true and false
===========================
Here is another, trickier example. It shows how to generate two
programs (`true' and `false') from the same source file (`true.c').
The difficult part is that each compilation of `true.c' requires
different `cpp' flags.
bin_PROGRAMS = true false
false_SOURCES =
false_LDADD = false.o
true.o: true.c
$(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true.c
false.o: true.c
$(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -o false.o -c true.c
Note that there is no `true_SOURCES' definition. Automake will
implicitly assume that there is a source file named `true.c', and
define rules to compile `true.o' and link `true'. The `true.o: true.c'
rule supplied by the above `Makefile.am', will override the Automake
generated rule to build `true.o'.
`false_SOURCES' is defined to be empty--that way no implicit value
is substituted. Because we have not listed the source of `false', we
have to tell Automake how to link the program. This is the purpose of
the `false_LDADD' line. A `false_DEPENDENCIES' variable, holding the
dependencies of the `false' target will be automatically generated by
Automake from the content of `false_LDADD'.
The above rules won't work if your compiler doesn't accept both `-c'
and `-o'. The simplest fix for this is to introduce a bogus dependency
(to avoid problems with a parallel `make'):
true.o: true.c false.o
$(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true.c
false.o: true.c
$(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -c true.c && mv true.o false.o
Also, these explicit rules do not work if the obsolete
de-ANSI-fication feature is used (*note ANSI::). Supporting
de-ANSI-fication requires a little more work:
true_.o: true_.c false_.o
$(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true_.c
false_.o: true_.c
$(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -c true_.c && mv true_.o false_.o
As it turns out, there is also a much easier way to do this same
task. Some of the above techniques are useful enough that we've kept
the example in the manual. However if you were to build `true' and
`false' in real life, you would probably use per-program compilation
flags, like so:
bin_PROGRAMS = false true
false_SOURCES = true.c
false_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=1
true_SOURCES = true.c
true_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=0
In this case Automake will cause `true.c' to be compiled twice, with
different flags. De-ANSI-fication will work automatically. In this
instance, the names of the object files would be chosen by automake;
they would be `false-true.o' and `true-true.o'. (The name of the
object files rarely matters.)
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Invoking Automake, Next: configure, Prev: Examples, Up: Top
5 Creating a `Makefile.in'
**************************
To create all the `Makefile.in's for a package, run the `automake'
program in the top level directory, with no arguments. `automake' will
automatically find each appropriate `Makefile.am' (by scanning
`configure.ac'; *note configure::) and generate the corresponding
`Makefile.in'. Note that `automake' has a rather simplistic view of
what constitutes a package; it assumes that a package has only one
`configure.ac', at the top. If your package has multiple
`configure.ac's, then you must run `automake' in each directory holding
a `configure.ac'. (Alternatively, you may rely on Autoconf's
`autoreconf', which is able to recurse your package tree and run
`automake' where appropriate.)
You can optionally give `automake' an argument; `.am' is appended to
the argument and the result is used as the name of the input file.
This feature is generally only used to automatically rebuild an
out-of-date `Makefile.in'. Note that `automake' must always be run
from the topmost directory of a project, even if being used to
regenerate the `Makefile.in' in some subdirectory. This is necessary
because `automake' must scan `configure.ac', and because `automake'
uses the knowledge that a `Makefile.in' is in a subdirectory to change
its behavior in some cases.
Automake will run `autoconf' to scan `configure.ac' and its
dependencies (i.e., `aclocal.m4' and any included file), therefore
`autoconf' must be in your `PATH'. If there is an `AUTOCONF' variable
in your environment it will be used instead of `autoconf', this allows
you to select a particular version of Autoconf. By the way, don't
misunderstand this paragraph: `automake' runs `autoconf' to *scan* your
`configure.ac', this won't build `configure' and you still have to run
`autoconf' yourself for this purpose.
`automake' accepts the following options:
`-a'
`--add-missing'
Automake requires certain common files to exist in certain
situations; for instance, `config.guess' is required if
`configure.ac' runs `AC_CANONICAL_HOST'. Automake is distributed
with several of these files (*note Auxiliary Programs::); this
option will cause the missing ones to be automatically added to
the package, whenever possible. In general if Automake tells you
a file is missing, try using this option. By default Automake
tries to make a symbolic link pointing to its own copy of the
missing file; this can be changed with `--copy'.
Many of the potentially-missing files are common scripts whose
location may be specified via the `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' macro.
Therefore, `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR''s setting affects whether a file is
considered missing, and where the missing file is added (*note
Optional::).
`--libdir=DIR'
Look for Automake data files in directory DIR instead of in the
installation directory. This is typically used for debugging.
`-c'
`--copy'
When used with `--add-missing', causes installed files to be
copied. The default is to make a symbolic link.
`--cygnus'
Causes the generated `Makefile.in's to follow Cygnus rules, instead
of GNU or Gnits rules. For more information, see *Note Cygnus::.
`-f'
`--force-missing'
When used with `--add-missing', causes standard files to be
reinstalled even if they already exist in the source tree. This
involves removing the file from the source tree before creating
the new symlink (or, with `--copy', copying the new file).
`--foreign'
Set the global strictness to `foreign'. For more information, see
*Note Strictness::.
`--gnits'
Set the global strictness to `gnits'. For more information, see
*Note Gnits::.
`--gnu'
Set the global strictness to `gnu'. For more information, see
*Note Gnits::. This is the default strictness.
`--help'
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
`-i'
`--ignore-deps'
This disables the dependency tracking feature in generated
`Makefile's; see *Note Dependencies::.
`--include-deps'
This enables the dependency tracking feature. This feature is
enabled by default. This option is provided for historical
reasons only and probably should not be used.
`--no-force'
Ordinarily `automake' creates all `Makefile.in's mentioned in
`configure.ac'. This option causes it to only update those
`Makefile.in's that are out of date with respect to one of their
dependents.
`-o DIR'
`--output-dir=DIR'
Put the generated `Makefile.in' in the directory DIR. Ordinarily
each `Makefile.in' is created in the directory of the
corresponding `Makefile.am'. This option is deprecated and will be
removed in a future release.
`-v'
`--verbose'
Cause Automake to print information about which files are being
read or created.
`--version'
Print the version number of Automake and exit.
`-W CATEGORY'
`--warnings=CATEGORY'
Output warnings falling in CATEGORY. CATEGORY can be one of:
`gnu'
warnings related to the GNU Coding Standards (*note Top:
(standards)Top.).
`obsolete'
obsolete features or constructions
`override'
user redefinitions of Automake rules or variables
`portability'
portability issues (e.g., use of `make' features that are
known to be not portable)
`syntax'
weird syntax, unused variables, typos
`unsupported'
unsupported or incomplete features
`all'
all the warnings
`none'
turn off all the warnings
`error'
treat warnings as errors
A category can be turned off by prefixing its name with `no-'. For
instance, `-Wno-syntax' will hide the warnings about unused
variables.
The categories output by default are `syntax' and `unsupported'.
Additionally, `gnu' and `portability' are enabled in `--gnu' and
`--gnits' strictness.
The environment variable `WARNINGS' can contain a comma separated
list of categories to enable. It will be taken into account
before the command-line switches, this way `-Wnone' will also
ignore any warning category enabled by `WARNINGS'. This variable
is also used by other tools like `autoconf'; unknown categories
are ignored for this reason.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: configure, Next: Directories, Prev: Invoking Automake, Up: Top
6 Scanning `configure.ac'
*************************
Automake scans the package's `configure.ac' to determine certain
information about the package. Some `autoconf' macros are required and
some variables must be defined in `configure.ac'. Automake will also
use information from `configure.ac' to further tailor its output.
Automake also supplies some Autoconf macros to make the maintenance
easier. These macros can automatically be put into your `aclocal.m4'
using the `aclocal' program.
* Menu:
* Requirements:: Configuration requirements
* Optional:: Other things Automake recognizes
* Invoking aclocal:: Auto-generating aclocal.m4
* Macros:: Autoconf macros supplied with Automake
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Requirements, Next: Optional, Up: configure
6.1 Configuration requirements
==============================
The one real requirement of Automake is that your `configure.ac' call
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. This macro does several things that are required
for proper Automake operation (*note Macros::).
Here are the other macros that Automake requires but which are not
run by `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE':
`AC_CONFIG_FILES'
`AC_OUTPUT'
These two macros are usually invoked as follows near the end of
`configure.ac'.
...
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
Makefile
doc/Makefile
src/Makefile
src/lib/Makefile
...
])
AC_OUTPUT
Automake uses these to determine which files to create (*note
Creating Output Files: (autoconf)Output.). A listed file is
considered to be an Automake generated `Makefile' if there exists
a file with the same name and the `.am' extension appended.
Typically, `AC_CONFIG_FILES([foo/Makefile])' will cause Automake to
generate `foo/Makefile.in' if `foo/Makefile.am' exists.
When using `AC_CONFIG_FILES' with multiple input files, as in
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile:top.in:Makefile.in:bot.in])
`automake' will generate the first `.in' input file for which a
`.am' file exists. If no such file exists the output file is not
considered to be Automake generated.
Files created by `AC_CONFIG_FILES', be they Automake `Makefile's
or not, are all removed by `make distclean'. Their inputs are
automatically distributed, except for inputs that turn out the be
outputs of prior `AC_CONFIG_FILES' commands. Finally, rebuild
rules are generated in the Automake `Makefile' existing in the
subdirectory of the output file, if there is one, or in the
top-level `Makefile' otherwise.
The above machinery (cleaning, distributing, and rebuilding) works
fine if the `AC_CONFIG_FILES' specifications contain only
literals. If part of the specification uses shell variables,
`automake' will not be able to fulfill this setup, and you will
have to complete the missing bits by hand. For instance, on
file=input
...
AC_CONFIG_FILES([output:$file],, [file=$file])
`automake' will output rules to clean `output', and rebuild it.
However the rebuild rule will not depend on `input', and this file
will not be distributed either. (You must add `EXTRA_DIST =
input' to your `Makefile' if `input' is a source file.)
Similarly
file=output
file2=out:in
...
AC_CONFIG_FILES([$file:input],, [file=$file])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([$file2],, [file2=$file2])
will only cause `input' to be distributed. No file will be
cleaned automatically (add `DISTCLEANFILES = output out'
yourself), and no rebuild rule will be output.
Obviously `automake' cannot guess what value `$file' is going to
hold later when `configure' is run, and it cannot use the shell
variable `$file' in a `Makefile'. However, if you make reference
to `$file' as `${file}' (i.e., in a way that is compatible with
`make''s syntax) and furthermore use `AC_SUBST' to ensure that
`${file}' is meaningful in a `Makefile', then `automake' will be
able to use `${file}' to generate all these rules. For instance,
here is how the Automake package itself generates versioned
scripts for its test suite:
AC_SUBST([APIVERSION], ...)
...
AC_CONFIG_FILES(
[tests/aclocal-${APIVERSION}:tests/aclocal.in],
[chmod +x tests/aclocal-${APIVERSION}],
[APIVERSION=$APIVERSION])
AC_CONFIG_FILES(
[tests/automake-${APIVERSION}:tests/automake.in],
[chmod +x tests/automake-${APIVERSION}])
Here cleaning, distributing, and rebuilding are done automatically,
because `${APIVERSION}' is known at `make'-time.
Note that you should not use shell variables to declare `Makefile'
files for which `automake' must create `Makefile.in'. Even
`AC_SUBST' does not help here, because `automake' needs to know
the file name when it runs in order to check whether `Makefile.am'
exists. (In the very hairy case that your setup requires such use
of variables, you will have to tell Automake which `Makefile.in's
to generate on the command-line.)
To summarize:
* Use literals for `Makefile's, and for other files whenever
possible.
* Use `$file' (or `${file}' without `AC_SUBST([file])') for
files that `automake' should ignore.
* Use `${file}' and `AC_SUBST([file])' for files that
`automake' should not ignore.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Optional, Next: Invoking aclocal, Prev: Requirements, Up: configure
6.2 Other things Automake recognizes
====================================
Every time Automake is run it calls Autoconf to trace `configure.ac'.
This way it can recognize the use of certain macros and tailor the
generated `Makefile.in' appropriately. Currently recognized macros and
their effects are:
`AC_CANONICAL_BUILD'
`AC_CANONICAL_HOST'
`AC_CANONICAL_TARGET'
Automake will ensure that `config.guess' and `config.sub' exist.
Also, the `Makefile' variables `build_triplet', `host_triplet' and
`target_triplet' are introduced. See *Note Getting the Canonical
System Type: (autoconf)Canonicalizing.
`AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR'
Automake will look for various helper scripts, such as
`install-sh', in the directory named in this macro invocation.
(The full list of scripts is: `config.guess', `config.sub',
`depcomp', `elisp-comp', `compile', `install-sh', `ltmain.sh',
`mdate-sh', `missing', `mkinstalldirs', `py-compile',
`texinfo.tex', and `ylwrap'.) Not all scripts are always searched
for; some scripts will only be sought if the generated
`Makefile.in' requires them.
If `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' is not given, the scripts are looked for in
their standard locations. For `mdate-sh', `texinfo.tex', and
`ylwrap', the standard location is the source directory
corresponding to the current `Makefile.am'. For the rest, the
standard location is the first one of `.', `..', or `../..'
(relative to the top source directory) that provides any one of
the helper scripts. *Note Finding `configure' Input:
(autoconf)Input.
Required files from `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' are automatically
distributed, even if there is no `Makefile.am' in this directory.
`AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR'
Automake will require the sources file declared with
`AC_LIBSOURCE' (see below) in the directory specified by this
macro.
`AC_CONFIG_HEADERS'
Automake will generate rules to rebuild these headers. Older
versions of Automake required the use of `AM_CONFIG_HEADER' (*note
Macros::); this is no longer the case today.
As for `AC_CONFIG_FILES' (*note Requirements::), parts of the
specification using shell variables will be ignored as far as
cleaning, distributing, and rebuilding is concerned.
`AC_CONFIG_LINKS'
Automake will generate rules to remove `configure' generated links
on `make distclean' and to distribute named source files as part
of `make dist'.
As for `AC_CONFIG_FILES' (*note Requirements::), parts of the
specification using shell variables will be ignored as far as
cleaning and distributing is concerned. (There is no rebuild
rules for links.)
`AC_LIBOBJ'
`AC_LIBSOURCE'
`AC_LIBSOURCES'
Automake will automatically distribute any file listed in
`AC_LIBSOURCE' or `AC_LIBSOURCES'.
Note that the `AC_LIBOBJ' macro calls `AC_LIBSOURCE'. So if an
Autoconf macro is documented to call `AC_LIBOBJ([file])', then
`file.c' will be distributed automatically by Automake. This
encompasses many macros like `AC_FUNC_ALLOCA', `AC_FUNC_MEMCMP',
`AC_REPLACE_FUNCS', and others.
By the way, direct assignments to `LIBOBJS' are no longer
supported. You should always use `AC_LIBOBJ' for this purpose.
*Note `AC_LIBOBJ' vs. `LIBOBJS': (autoconf)AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS.
`AC_PROG_RANLIB'
This is required if any libraries are built in the package. *Note
Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.
`AC_PROG_CXX'
This is required if any C++ source is included. *Note Particular
Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.
`AC_PROG_OBJC'
This is required if any Objective C source is included. *Note
Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.
`AC_PROG_F77'
This is required if any Fortran 77 source is included. This macro
is distributed with Autoconf version 2.13 and later. *Note
Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.
`AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS'
This is required for programs and shared libraries that are a
mixture of languages that include Fortran 77 (*note Mixing Fortran
77 With C and C++::). *Note Autoconf macros supplied with
Automake: Macros.
`AC_PROG_FC'
This is required if any Fortran 90/95 source is included. This
macro is distributed with Autoconf version 2.58 and later. *Note
Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.
`AC_PROG_LIBTOOL'
Automake will turn on processing for `libtool' (*note
Introduction: (libtool)Top.).
`AC_PROG_YACC'
If a Yacc source file is seen, then you must either use this macro
or define the variable `YACC' in `configure.ac'. The former is
preferred (*note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular
Programs.).
`AC_PROG_LEX'
If a Lex source file is seen, then this macro must be used. *Note
Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.
`AC_REQUIRE_AUX_FILE'
`automake' will ensure each file for which this macro is called
exists in the aux directory, and will complain otherwise. It will
also automatically distribute the file. This macro should be used
by third-party Autoconf macros that requires some supporting files
in the aux directory specified with `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' above.
*Note Finding `configure' Input: (autoconf)Input.
`AC_SUBST'
The first argument is automatically defined as a variable in each
generated `Makefile.in'. *Note Setting Output Variables:
(autoconf)Setting Output Variables.
If the Autoconf manual says that a macro calls `AC_SUBST' for VAR,
or defines the output variable VAR then VAR will be defined in
each `Makefile.in' generated by Automake. E.g. `AC_PATH_XTRA'
defines `X_CFLAGS' and `X_LIBS', so you can use these variables in
any `Makefile.am' if `AC_PATH_XTRA' is called.
`AM_C_PROTOTYPES'
This is required when using the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature;
see *Note ANSI::.
`AM_GNU_GETTEXT'
This macro is required for packages that use GNU gettext (*note
gettext::). It is distributed with gettext. If Automake sees
this macro it ensures that the package meets some of gettext's
requirements.
`AM_GNU_GETTEXT_INTL_SUBDIR'
This macro specifies that the `intl/' subdirectory is to be built,
even if the `AM_GNU_GETTEXT' macro was invoked with a first
argument of `external'.
`AM_MAINTAINER_MODE'
This macro adds a `--enable-maintainer-mode' option to
`configure'. If this is used, `automake' will cause
"maintainer-only" rules to be turned off by default in the
generated `Makefile.in's. This macro defines the
`MAINTAINER_MODE' conditional, which you can use in your own
`Makefile.am'. *Note maintainer-mode::.
`m4_include'
Files included by `configure.ac' using this macro will be detected
by Automake and automatically distributed. They will also appear
as dependencies in `Makefile' rules.
`m4_include' is seldom used by `configure.ac' authors, but can
appear in `aclocal.m4' when `aclocal' detects that some required
macros come from files local to your package (as opposed to macros
installed in a system-wide directory, *note Invoking aclocal::).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Invoking aclocal, Next: Macros, Prev: Optional, Up: configure
6.3 Auto-generating aclocal.m4
==============================
Automake includes a number of Autoconf macros that can be used in your
package (*note Macros::); some of them are actually required by
Automake in certain situations. These macros must be defined in your
`aclocal.m4'; otherwise they will not be seen by `autoconf'.
The `aclocal' program will automatically generate `aclocal.m4' files
based on the contents of `configure.ac'. This provides a convenient
way to get Automake-provided macros, without having to search around.
The `aclocal' mechanism allows other packages to supply their own
macros (*note Extending aclocal::). You can also use it to maintain
your own set of custom macros (*note Local Macros::).
At startup, `aclocal' scans all the `.m4' files it can find, looking
for macro definitions (*note Macro search path::). Then it scans
`configure.ac'. Any mention of one of the macros found in the first
step causes that macro, and any macros it in turn requires, to be put
into `aclocal.m4'.
_Putting_ the file that contains the macro definition into
`aclocal.m4' is usually done by copying the entire text of this file,
including unused macro definitions as well as both `#' and `dnl'
comments. If you want to make a comment that will be completely
ignored by `aclocal', use `##' as the comment leader.
When a file selected by `aclocal' is located in a subdirectory
specified as a relative search path with `aclocal''s `-I' argument,
`aclocal' assumes the file belongs to the package and uses `m4_include'
instead of copying it into `aclocal.m4'. This makes the package
smaller, eases dependency tracking, and cause the file to be
distributed automatically. (*Note Local Macros::, for an example.)
Any macro that is found in a system-wide directory, or via an absolute
search path will be copied. So use `-I `pwd`/reldir' instead of `-I
reldir' whenever some relative directory need to be considered outside
the package.
The contents of `acinclude.m4', if this file exists, are also
automatically included in `aclocal.m4'. We recommend against using
`acinclude.m4' in new packages (*note Local Macros::).
While computing `aclocal.m4', `aclocal' runs `autom4te' (*note Using
`Autom4te': (autoconf)Using autom4te.) in order to trace the macros
that are really used, and omit from `aclocal.m4' all macros that are
mentioned but otherwise unexpanded (this can happen when a macro is
called conditionally). `autom4te' is expected to be in the `PATH',
just as `autoconf'. Its location can be overridden using the
`AUTOM4TE' environment variable.
* Menu:
* aclocal options:: Options supported by aclocal
* Macro search path:: How aclocal finds .m4 files
* Extending aclocal:: Writing your own aclocal macros
* Local Macros:: Organizing local macros
* Serials:: Serial lines in Autoconf macros
* Future of aclocal:: aclocal's scheduled death
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: aclocal options, Next: Macro search path, Up: Invoking aclocal
6.3.1 aclocal options
---------------------
`aclocal' accepts the following options:
`--acdir=DIR'
Look for the macro files in DIR instead of the installation
directory. This is typically used for debugging.
`--diff[=COMMAND]'
Run COMMAND on M4 file that would be installed or overwritten by
`--install'. The default COMMAND is `diff -u'. This option
implies `--install' and `--dry-run'.
`--dry-run'
Do not actually overwrite (or create) `aclocal.m4' and M4 files
installed by `--install'.
`--help'
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
`-I DIR'
Add the directory DIR to the list of directories searched for
`.m4' files.
`--install'
Install system-wide third-party macros into the first directory
specified with `-I DIR' instead of copying them in the output file.
When this option is used, and only when this option is used,
`aclocal' will also honor `#serial NUMBER' lines that appear in
macros: an M4 file is ignored if there exists another M4 file with
the same basename and a greater serial number in the search path
(*note Serials::).
`--force'
Always overwrite the output file. The default is to overwrite the
output file only when really needed, i.e., when its contents
changes or if one of its dependencies is younger.
This option forces the update of `aclocal.m4' (or the file
specified with `--output' below) and only this file, it has
absolutely no influence on files that may need to be installed by
`--install'.
`--output=FILE'
Cause the output to be put into FILE instead of `aclocal.m4'.
`--print-ac-dir'
Prints the name of the directory that `aclocal' will search to
find third-party `.m4' files. When this option is given, normal
processing is suppressed. This option can be used by a package to
determine where to install a macro file.
`--verbose'
Print the names of the files it examines.
`--version'
Print the version number of Automake and exit.
`-W CATEGORY'
`--warnings=CATEGORY'
Output warnings falling in CATEGORY. CATEGORY can be one of:
`syntax'
dubious syntactic constructs, underquoted macros, unused
macros, etc.
`unsupported'
unknown macros
`all'
all the warnings, this is the default
`none'
turn off all the warnings
`error'
treat warnings as errors
All warnings are output by default.
The environment variable `WARNINGS' is honored in the same way as
it is for `automake' (*note Invoking Automake::).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Macro search path, Next: Extending aclocal, Prev: aclocal options, Up: Invoking aclocal
6.3.2 Macro search path
-----------------------
By default, `aclocal' searches for `.m4' files in the following
directories, in this order:
`ACDIR-APIVERSION'
This is where the `.m4' macros distributed with automake itself
are stored. APIVERSION depends on the automake release used; for
automake 1.6.x, APIVERSION = `1.6'.
`ACDIR'
This directory is intended for third party `.m4' files, and is
configured when `automake' itself is built. This is
`@datadir@/aclocal/', which typically expands to
`${prefix}/share/aclocal/'. To find the compiled-in value of
ACDIR, use the `--print-ac-dir' option (*note aclocal options::).
As an example, suppose that `automake-1.6.2' was configured with
`--prefix=/usr/local'. Then, the search path would be:
1. `/usr/local/share/aclocal-1.6/'
2. `/usr/local/share/aclocal/'
As explained in (*note aclocal options::), there are several options
that can be used to change or extend this search path.
6.3.2.1 Modifying the macro search path: `--acdir'
..................................................
The most erroneous option to modify the search path is `--acdir=DIR',
which changes default directory and drops the APIVERSION directory.
For example, if one specifies `--acdir=/opt/private/', then the search
path becomes:
1. `/opt/private/'
This option, `--acdir', is intended for use by the internal automake
test suite only; it is not ordinarily needed by end-users.
6.3.2.2 Modifying the macro search path: `-I DIR'
.................................................
Any extra directories specified using `-I' options (*note aclocal
options::) are _prepended_ to this search list. Thus, `aclocal -I /foo
-I /bar' results in the following search path:
1. `/foo'
2. `/bar'
3. ACDIR-APIVERSION
4. ACDIR
6.3.2.3 Modifying the macro search path: `dirlist'
..................................................
There is a third mechanism for customizing the search path. If a
`dirlist' file exists in ACDIR, then that file is assumed to contain a
list of directory patterns, one per line. `aclocal' expands these
patterns to directory names, and adds them to the search list _after_
all other directories. `dirlist' entries may use shell wildcards such
as `*', `?', or `[...]'.
For example, suppose `ACDIR/dirlist' contains the following:
/test1
/test2
/test3*
and that `aclocal' was called with the `-I /foo -I /bar' options.
Then, the search path would be
1. `/foo'
2. `/bar'
3. ACDIR-APIVERSION
4. ACDIR
5. `/test1'
6. `/test2'
and all directories with path names starting with `/test3'.
If the `--acdir=DIR' option is used, then `aclocal' will search for
the `dirlist' file in DIR. In the `--acdir=/opt/private/' example
above, `aclocal' would look for `/opt/private/dirlist'. Again,
however, the `--acdir' option is intended for use by the internal
automake test suite only; `--acdir' is not ordinarily needed by
end-users.
`dirlist' is useful in the following situation: suppose that
`automake' version `1.6.2' is installed with `--prefix=/usr' by the
system vendor. Thus, the default search directories are
1. `/usr/share/aclocal-1.6/'
2. `/usr/share/aclocal/'
However, suppose further that many packages have been manually
installed on the system, with $prefix=/usr/local, as is typical. In
that case, many of these "extra" `.m4' files are in
`/usr/local/share/aclocal'. The only way to force `/usr/bin/aclocal'
to find these "extra" `.m4' files is to always call `aclocal -I
/usr/local/share/aclocal'. This is inconvenient. With `dirlist', one
may create a file `/usr/share/aclocal/dirlist' containing only the
single line
/usr/local/share/aclocal
Now, the "default" search path on the affected system is
1. `/usr/share/aclocal-1.6/'
2. `/usr/share/aclocal/'
3. `/usr/local/share/aclocal/'
without the need for `-I' options; `-I' options can be reserved for
project-specific needs (`my-source-dir/m4/'), rather than using it to
work around local system-dependent tool installation directories.
Similarly, `dirlist' can be handy if you have installed a local copy
Automake on your account and want `aclocal' to look for macros
installed at other places on the system.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Extending aclocal, Next: Local Macros, Prev: Macro search path, Up: Invoking aclocal
6.3.3 Writing your own aclocal macros
-------------------------------------
The `aclocal' program doesn't have any built-in knowledge of any
macros, so it is easy to extend it with your own macros.
This can be used by libraries that want to supply their own Autoconf
macros for use by other programs. For instance, the `gettext' library
supplies a macro `AM_GNU_GETTEXT' that should be used by any package
using `gettext'. When the library is installed, it installs this macro
so that `aclocal' will find it.
A macro file's name should end in `.m4'. Such files should be
installed in `$(datadir)/aclocal'. This is as simple as writing:
aclocaldir = $(datadir)/aclocal
aclocal_DATA = mymacro.m4 myothermacro.m4
Please do use `$(datadir)/aclocal', and not something based on the
result of `aclocal --print-ac-dir'. *Note Hard-Coded Install Paths::,
for arguments.
A file of macros should be a series of properly quoted `AC_DEFUN''s
(*note Macro Definitions: (autoconf)Macro Definitions.). The `aclocal'
programs also understands `AC_REQUIRE' (*note Prerequisite Macros:
(autoconf)Prerequisite Macros.), so it is safe to put each macro in a
separate file. Each file should have no side effects but macro
definitions. Especially, any call to `AC_PREREQ' should be done inside
the defined macro, not at the beginning of the file.
Starting with Automake 1.8, `aclocal' will warn about all
underquoted calls to `AC_DEFUN'. We realize this will annoy a lot of
people, because `aclocal' was not so strict in the past and many third
party macros are underquoted; and we have to apologize for this
temporary inconvenience. The reason we have to be stricter is that a
future implementation of `aclocal' (*note Future of aclocal::) will
have to temporarily include all these third party `.m4' files, maybe
several times, including even files that are not actually needed.
Doing so should alleviate many problems of the current implementation,
however it requires a stricter style from the macro authors. Hopefully
it is easy to revise the existing macros. For instance,
# bad style
AC_PREREQ(2.57)
AC_DEFUN(AX_FOOBAR,
[AC_REQUIRE([AX_SOMETHING])dnl
AX_FOO
AX_BAR
])
should be rewritten as
AC_DEFUN([AX_FOOBAR],
[AC_PREREQ([2.57])dnl
AC_REQUIRE([AX_SOMETHING])dnl
AX_FOO
AX_BAR
])
Wrapping the `AC_PREREQ' call inside the macro ensures that Autoconf
2.57 will not be required if `AX_FOOBAR' is not actually used. Most
importantly, quoting the first argument of `AC_DEFUN' allows the macro
to be redefined or included twice (otherwise this first argument would
be expanded during the second definition). For consistency we like to
quote even arguments such as `2.57' that do not require it.
If you have been directed here by the `aclocal' diagnostic but are
not the maintainer of the implicated macro, you will want to contact
the maintainer of that macro. Please make sure you have the last
version of the macro and that the problem already hasn't been reported
before doing so: people tend to work faster when they aren't flooded by
mails.
Another situation where `aclocal' is commonly used is to manage
macros that are used locally by the package, *Note Local Macros::.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Local Macros, Next: Serials, Prev: Extending aclocal, Up: Invoking aclocal
6.3.4 Handling Local Macros
---------------------------
Feature tests offered by Autoconf do not cover all needs. People often
have to supplement existing tests with their own macros, or with
third-party macros.
There are two ways to organize custom macros in a package.
The first possibility (the historical practice) is to list all your
macros in `acinclude.m4'. This file will be included in `aclocal.m4'
when you run `aclocal', and its macro(s) will henceforth be visible to
`autoconf'. However if it contains numerous macros, it will rapidly
become difficult to maintain, and it will be almost impossible to share
macros between packages.
The second possibility, which we do recommend, is to write each macro
in its own file and gather all these files in a directory. This
directory is usually called `m4/'. To build `aclocal.m4', one should
therefore instruct `aclocal' to scan `m4/'. From the command line,
this is done with `aclocal -I m4'. The top-level `Makefile.am' should
also be updated to define
ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4
`ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS' contains options to pass to `aclocal' when
`aclocal.m4' is to be rebuilt by `make'. This line is also used by
`autoreconf' (*note Using `autoreconf' to Update `configure' Scripts:
(autoconf)autoreconf Invocation.) to run `aclocal' with suitable
options, or by `autopoint' (*note Invoking the `autopoint' Program:
(gettext)autopoint Invocation.) and `gettextize' (*note Invoking the
`gettextize' Program: (gettext)gettextize Invocation.) to locate the
place where Gettext's macros should be installed. So even if you do
not really care about the rebuild rules, you should define
`ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS'.
When `aclocal -I m4' is run, it will build a `aclocal.m4' that
`m4_include's any file from `m4/' that defines a required macro.
Macros not found locally will still be searched in system-wide
directories, as explained in *Note Macro search path::.
Custom macros should be distributed for the same reason that
`configure.ac' is: so that other people have all the sources of your
package if they want to work on it. Actually, this distribution
happens automatically because all `m4_include'd files are distributed.
However there is no consensus on the distribution of third-party
macros that your package may use. Many libraries install their own
macro in the system-wide `aclocal' directory (*note Extending
aclocal::). For instance, Guile ships with a file called `guile.m4'
that contains the macro `GUILE_FLAGS' that can be used to define setup
compiler and linker flags appropriate for using Guile. Using
`GUILE_FLAGS' in `configure.ac' will cause `aclocal' to copy `guile.m4'
into `aclocal.m4', but as `guile.m4' is not part of the project, it
will not be distributed. Technically, that means a user who needs to
rebuild `aclocal.m4' will have to install Guile first. This is
probably OK, if Guile already is a requirement to build the package.
However, if Guile is only an optional feature, or if your package might
run on architectures where Guile cannot be installed, this requirement
will hinder development. An easy solution is to copy such third-party
macros in your local `m4/' directory so they get distributed.
Since Automake 1.10, `aclocal' offers an option to copy these
system-wide third-party macros in your local macro directory, solving
the above problem. Simply use:
ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 --install
With this setup, system-wide macros will be copied to `m4/' the first
time you run `autoreconf'. Then the locally installed macros will have
precedence over the system-wide installed macros each time `aclocal' is
run again.
One reason why you should keep `--install' in the flags even after
the first run is that when you later edit `configure.ac' and depend on
a new macro, this macro will be installed in your `m4/' automatically.
Another one is that serial numbers (*note Serials::) can be used to
update the macros in your source tree automatically when new
system-wide versions are installed. A serial number should be a single
line of the form
#serial NNN
where NNN contains only digits and dots. It should appear in the M4
file before any macro definition. It is a good practice to maintain a
serial number for each macro you distribute, even if you do not use the
`--install' option of `aclocal': this allows other people to use it.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Serials, Next: Future of aclocal, Prev: Local Macros, Up: Invoking aclocal
6.3.5 Serial Numbers
--------------------
Because third-party macros defined in `*.m4' files are naturally shared
between multiple projects, some people like to version them. This
makes it easier to tell which of two M4 files is newer. Since at least
1996, the tradition is to use a `#serial' line for this.
A serial number should be a single line of the form
# serial VERSION
where VERSION is a version number containing only digits and dots.
Usually people use a single integer, and they increment it each time
they change the macro (hence the name of "serial"). Such a line should
appear in the M4 file before any macro definition.
The `#' must be the first character on the line, and it is OK to
have extra words after the version, as in
#serial VERSION GARBAGE
Normally these serial numbers are completely ignored by `aclocal'
and `autoconf', like any genuine comment. However when using
`aclocal''s `--install' feature, these serial numbers will modify the
way `aclocal' selects the macros to install in the package: if two
files with the same basename exists in your search path, and if at
least one of them use a `#serial' line, `aclocal' will ignore the file
that has the older `#serial' line (or the file that has none).
Note that a serial number applies to a whole M4 file, not to any
macro it contains. A file can contains multiple macros, but only one
serial.
Here is a use case that illustrate the use of `--install' and its
interaction with serial numbers. Let's assume we maintain a package
called MyPackage, the `configure.ac' of which requires a third-party
macro `AX_THIRD_PARTY' defined in `/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4' as
follows:
# serial 1
AC_DEFUN([AX_THIRD_PARTY], [...])
MyPackage uses an `m4/' directory to store local macros as explained
in *Note Local Macros::, and has
ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 --install
in its top-level `Makefile.am'.
Initially the `m4/' directory is empty. The first time we run
`autoreconf', it will fetch the options to pass to `aclocal' in
`Makefile.am', and run `aclocal -I m4 --install'. `aclocal' will
notice that
* `configure.ac' uses `AX_THIRD_PARTY'
* No local macros define `AX_THIRD_PARTY'
* `/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4' defines `AX_THIRD_PARTY' with
serial 1.
Because `/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4' is a system-wide macro and
`aclocal' was given the `--install' option, it will copy this file in
`m4/thirdparty.m4', and output an `aclocal.m4' that contains
`m4_include([m4/thirdparty.m4])'.
The next time `aclocal -I m4 --install' is run (either via
`autoreconf', by hand, or from the `Makefile' rebuild rules) something
different happens. `aclocal' notices that
* `configure.ac' uses `AX_THIRD_PARTY'
* `m4/thirdparty.m4' defines `AX_THIRD_PARTY' with serial 1.
* `/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4' defines `AX_THIRD_PARTY' with
serial 1.
Because both files have the same serial number, `aclocal' uses the
first it found in its search path order (*note Macro search path::).
`aclocal' therefore ignores `/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4' and
outputs an `aclocal.m4' that contains `m4_include([m4/thirdparty.m4])'.
Local directories specified with `-I' are always searched before
system-wide directories, so a local file will always be preferred to
the system-wide file in case of equal serial numbers.
Now suppose the system-wide third-party macro is changed. This can
happen if the package installing this macro is updated. Let's suppose
the new macro has serial number 2. The next time `aclocal -I m4
--install' is run the situation is the following:
* `configure.ac' uses `AX_THIRD_PARTY'
* `m4/thirdparty.m4' defines `AX_THIRD_PARTY' with serial 1.
* `/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4' defines `AX_THIRD_PARTY' with
serial 2.
When `aclocal' sees a greater serial number, it immediately forgets
anything it knows from files that have the same basename and a smaller
serial number. So after it has found
`/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4' with serial 2, `aclocal' will
proceed as if it had never seen `m4/thirdparty.m4'. This brings us
back to a situation similar to that at the beginning of our example,
where no local file defined the macro. `aclocal' will install the new
version of the macro in `m4/thirdparty.m4', in this case overriding the
old version. MyPackage just had its macro updated as a side effect of
running `aclocal'.
If you are leery of letting `aclocal' update your local macro, you
can run `aclocal -I m4 --diff' to review the changes `aclocal -I m4
--install' would perform on these macros.
Finally, note that the `--force' option of `aclocal' has absolutely
no effect on the files installed by `--install'. For instance, if you
have modified your local macros, do not expect `--install --force' to
replace the local macros by their system-wide versions. If you want to
do so, simply erase the local macros you want to revert, and run
`aclocal -I m4 --install'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Future of aclocal, Prev: Serials, Up: Invoking aclocal
6.3.6 The Future of `aclocal'
-----------------------------
`aclocal' is expected to disappear. This feature really should not be
offered by Automake. Automake should focus on generating `Makefile's;
dealing with M4 macros really is Autoconf's job. That some people
install Automake just to use `aclocal', but do not use `automake'
otherwise is an indication of how that feature is misplaced.
The new implementation will probably be done slightly differently.
For instance, it could enforce the `m4/'-style layout discussed in
*Note Local Macros::.
We have no idea when and how this will happen. This has been
discussed several times in the past, but someone still has to commit
itself to that non-trivial task.
From the user point of view, `aclocal''s removal might turn out to
be painful. There is a simple precaution that you may take to make
that switch more seamless: never call `aclocal' yourself. Keep this
guy under the exclusive control of `autoreconf' and Automake's rebuild
rules. Hopefully you won't need to worry about things breaking, when
`aclocal' disappears, because everything will have been taken care of.
If otherwise you used to call `aclocal' directly yourself or from some
script, you will quickly notice the change.
Many packages come with a script called `bootstrap.sh' or
`autogen.sh', that will just call `aclocal', `libtoolize', `gettextize'
or `autopoint', `autoconf', `autoheader', and `automake' in the right
order. Actually this is precisely what `autoreconf' can do for you.
If your package has such a `bootstrap.sh' or `autogen.sh' script,
consider using `autoreconf'. That should simplify its logic a lot
(less things to maintain, yum!), it's even likely you will not need the
script anymore, and more to the point you will not call `aclocal'
directly anymore.
For the time being, third-party packages should continue to install
public macros into `/usr/share/aclocal/'. If `aclocal' is replaced by
another tool it might make sense to rename the directory, but
supporting `/usr/share/aclocal/' for backward compatibility should be
really easy provided all macros are properly written (*note Extending
aclocal::).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Macros, Prev: Invoking aclocal, Up: configure
6.4 Autoconf macros supplied with Automake
==========================================
Automake ships with several Autoconf macros that you can use from your
`configure.ac'. When you use one of them it will be included by
`aclocal' in `aclocal.m4'.
* Menu:
* Public macros:: Macros that you can use.
* Obsolete macros:: Macros that you should stop using.
* Private macros:: Macros that you should not use.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Public macros, Next: Obsolete macros, Up: Macros
6.4.1 Public macros
-------------------
`AM_ENABLE_MULTILIB'
This is used when a "multilib" library is being built. The first
optional argument is the name of the `Makefile' being generated; it
defaults to `Makefile'. The second option argument is used to find
the top source directory; it defaults to the empty string
(generally this should not be used unless you are familiar with
the internals). *Note Multilibs::.
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([OPTIONS])'
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(PACKAGE, VERSION, [NO-DEFINE])'
Runs many macros required for proper operation of the generated
Makefiles.
This macro has two forms, the first of which is preferred. In
this form, `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' is called with a single argument: a
space-separated list of Automake options that should be applied to
every `Makefile.am' in the tree. The effect is as if each option
were listed in `AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' (*note Options::).
The second, deprecated, form of `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' has two required
arguments: the package and the version number. This form is
obsolete because the PACKAGE and VERSION can be obtained from
Autoconf's `AC_INIT' macro (which itself has an old and a new
form).
If your `configure.ac' has:
AC_INIT([src/foo.c])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([mumble], [1.5])
you can modernize it as follows:
AC_INIT([mumble], [1.5])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/foo.c])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
Note that if you're upgrading your `configure.ac' from an earlier
version of Automake, it is not always correct to simply move the
package and version arguments from `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' directly to
`AC_INIT', as in the example above. The first argument to
`AC_INIT' should be the name of your package (e.g., `GNU
Automake'), not the tarball name (e.g., `automake') that you used
to pass to `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. Autoconf tries to derive a tarball
name from the package name, which should work for most but not all
package names. (If it doesn't work for yours, you can use the
four-argument form of `AC_INIT' to provide the tarball name
explicitly).
By default this macro `AC_DEFINE''s `PACKAGE' and `VERSION'. This
can be avoided by passing the `no-define' option, as in:
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([gnits 1.5 no-define dist-bzip2])
or by passing a third non-empty argument to the obsolete form.
`AM_PATH_LISPDIR'
Searches for the program `emacs', and, if found, sets the output
variable `lispdir' to the full path to Emacs' site-lisp directory.
Note that this test assumes the `emacs' found to be a version that
supports Emacs Lisp (such as GNU Emacs or XEmacs). Other emacsen
can cause this test to hang (some, like old versions of
MicroEmacs, start up in interactive mode, requiring `C-x C-c' to
exit, which is hardly obvious for a non-emacs user). In most
cases, however, you should be able to use `C-c' to kill the test.
In order to avoid problems, you can set `EMACS' to "no" in the
environment, or use the `--with-lispdir' option to `configure' to
explicitly set the correct path (if you're sure you have an
`emacs' that supports Emacs Lisp.
`AM_PROG_AS'
Use this macro when you have assembly code in your project. This
will choose the assembler for you (by default the C compiler) and
set `CCAS', and will also set `CCASFLAGS' if required.
`AM_PROG_CC_C_O'
This is like `AC_PROG_CC_C_O', but it generates its results in the
manner required by automake. You must use this instead of
`AC_PROG_CC_C_O' when you need this functionality, that is, when
using per-target flags or subdir-objects with C sources.
`AM_PROG_LEX'
Like `AC_PROG_LEX' (*note Particular Program Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Programs.), but uses the `missing' script on
systems that do not have `lex'. HP-UX 10 is one such system.
`AM_PROG_GCJ'
This macro finds the `gcj' program or causes an error. It sets
`GCJ' and `GCJFLAGS'. `gcj' is the Java front-end to the GNU
Compiler Collection.
`AM_PROG_UPC([COMPILER-SEARCH-LIST])'
Find a compiler for Unified Parallel C and define the `UPC'
variable. The default COMPILER-SEARCH-LIST is `upcc upc'. This
macro will abort `configure' if no Unified Parallel C compiler is
found.
`AM_WITH_DMALLOC'
Add support for the Dmalloc package (http://dmalloc.com/). If the
user runs `configure' with `--with-dmalloc', then define
`WITH_DMALLOC' and add `-ldmalloc' to `LIBS'.
`AM_WITH_REGEX'
Adds `--with-regex' to the `configure' command line. If specified
(the default), then the `regex' regular expression library is
used, `regex.o' is put into `LIBOBJS', and `WITH_REGEX' is
defined. If `--without-regex' is given, then the `rx' regular
expression library is used, and `rx.o' is put into `LIBOBJS'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Obsolete macros, Next: Private macros, Prev: Public macros, Up: Macros
6.4.2 Obsolete macros
---------------------
Although using some of the following macros was required in past
releases, you should not use any of them in new code. Running
`autoupdate' should adjust your `configure.ac' automatically (*note
Using `autoupdate' to Modernize `configure.ac': (autoconf)autoupdate
Invocation.).
`AM_C_PROTOTYPES'
Check to see if function prototypes are understood by the
compiler. If so, define `PROTOTYPES' and set the output variables
`U' and `ANSI2KNR' to the empty string. Otherwise, set `U' to `_'
and `ANSI2KNR' to `./ansi2knr'. Automake uses these values to
implement the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature.
`AM_CONFIG_HEADER'
Automake will generate rules to automatically regenerate the config
header. This obsolete macro is a synonym of `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS'
today (*note Optional::).
`AM_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ_NEEDS_SYS_IOCTL'
If the use of `TIOCGWINSZ' requires `<sys/ioctl.h>', then define
`GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL'. Otherwise `TIOCGWINSZ' can be found in
`<termios.h>'. This macro is obsolete, you should use Autoconf's
`AC_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ' instead.
`AM_PROG_MKDIR_P'
From Automake 1.8 to 1.9.6 this macro used to define the output
variable `mkdir_p' to one of `mkdir -p', `install-sh -d', or
`mkinstalldirs'.
Nowadays Autoconf provides a similar functionality with
`AC_PROG_MKDIR_P' (*note Particular Program Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Programs.), however this defines the output
variable `MKDIR_P' instead. Therefore `AM_PROG_MKDIR_P' has been
rewritten as a thin wrapper around `AC_PROG_MKDIR_P' to define
`mkdir_p' to the same value as `MKDIR_P' for backward
compatibility.
If you are using Automake, there is normally no reason to call this
macro, because `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' already does so. However, make
sure that the custom rules in your `Makefile's use `$(MKDIR_P)'
and not `$(mkdir_p)'. Even if both variables still work, the
latter should be considered obsolete.
If you are not using Automake, please call `AC_PROG_MKDIR_P'
instead of `AM_PROG_MKDIR_P'.
`AM_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS'
Check to see if POSIX termios headers and functions are available
on the system. If so, set the shell variable
`am_cv_sys_posix_termios' to `yes'. If not, set the variable to
`no'. This macro is obsolete, you should use Autoconf's
`AC_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS' instead.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Private macros, Prev: Obsolete macros, Up: Macros
6.4.3 Private macros
--------------------
The following macros are private macros you should not call directly.
They are called by the other public macros when appropriate. Do not
rely on them, as they might be changed in a future version. Consider
them as implementation details; or better, do not consider them at all:
skip this section!
`_AM_DEPENDENCIES'
`AM_SET_DEPDIR'
`AM_DEP_TRACK'
`AM_OUTPUT_DEPENDENCY_COMMANDS'
These macros are used to implement Automake's automatic dependency
tracking scheme. They are called automatically by automake when
required, and there should be no need to invoke them manually.
`AM_MAKE_INCLUDE'
This macro is used to discover how the user's `make' handles
`include' statements. This macro is automatically invoked when
needed; there should be no need to invoke it manually.
`AM_PROG_INSTALL_STRIP'
This is used to find a version of `install' that can be used to
strip a program at installation time. This macro is automatically
included when required.
`AM_SANITY_CHECK'
This checks to make sure that a file created in the build
directory is newer than a file in the source directory. This can
fail on systems where the clock is set incorrectly. This macro is
automatically run from `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Directories, Next: Programs, Prev: configure, Up: Top
7 Directories
*************
For simple projects that distributes all files in the same directory it
is enough to have a single `Makefile.am' that builds everything in
place.
In larger projects it is common to organize files in different
directories, in a tree. For instance one directory per program, per
library or per module. The traditional approach is to build these
subdirectory recursively: each directory contains its `Makefile'
(generated from `Makefile.am'), and when `make' is run from the top
level directory it enters each subdirectory in turn to build its
contents.
* Menu:
* Subdirectories:: Building subdirectories recursively
* Conditional Subdirectories:: Conditionally not building directories
* Alternative:: Subdirectories without recursion
* Subpackages:: Nesting packages
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Subdirectories, Next: Conditional Subdirectories, Up: Directories
7.1 Recursing subdirectories
============================
In packages with subdirectories, the top level `Makefile.am' must tell
Automake which subdirectories are to be built. This is done via the
`SUBDIRS' variable.
The `SUBDIRS' variable holds a list of subdirectories in which
building of various sorts can occur. The rules for many targets (e.g.,
`all') in the generated `Makefile' will run commands both locally and
in all specified subdirectories. Note that the directories listed in
`SUBDIRS' are not required to contain `Makefile.am's; only `Makefile's
(after configuration). This allows inclusion of libraries from
packages that do not use Automake (such as `gettext'; see also *Note
Third-Party Makefiles::).
In packages that use subdirectories, the top-level `Makefile.am' is
often very short. For instance, here is the `Makefile.am' from the GNU
Hello distribution:
EXTRA_DIST = BUGS ChangeLog.O README-alpha
SUBDIRS = doc intl po src tests
When Automake invokes `make' in a subdirectory, it uses the value of
the `MAKE' variable. It passes the value of the variable
`AM_MAKEFLAGS' to the `make' invocation; this can be set in
`Makefile.am' if there are flags you must always pass to `make'.
The directories mentioned in `SUBDIRS' are usually direct children
of the current directory, each subdirectory containing its own
`Makefile.am' with a `SUBDIRS' pointing to deeper subdirectories.
Automake can be used to construct packages of arbitrary depth this way.
By default, Automake generates `Makefiles' that work depth-first in
postfix order: the subdirectories are built before the current
directory. However, it is possible to change this ordering. You can
do this by putting `.' into `SUBDIRS'. For instance, putting `.' first
will cause a prefix ordering of directories.
Using
SUBDIRS = lib src . test
will cause `lib/' to be built before `src/', then the current directory
will be built, finally the `test/' directory will be built. It is
customary to arrange test directories to be built after everything else
since they are meant to test what has been constructed.
All `clean' rules are run in reverse order of build rules.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Conditional Subdirectories, Next: Alternative, Prev: Subdirectories, Up: Directories
7.2 Conditional Subdirectories
==============================
It is possible to define the `SUBDIRS' variable conditionally if, like
in the case of GNU Inetutils, you want to only build a subset of the
entire package.
To illustrate how this works, let's assume we have two directories
`src/' and `opt/'. `src/' should always be built, but we want to
decide in `configure' whether `opt/' will be built or not. (For this
example we will assume that `opt/' should be built when the variable
`$want_opt' was set to `yes'.)
Running `make' should thus recurse into `src/' always, and then
maybe in `opt/'.
However `make dist' should always recurse into both `src/' and
`opt/'. Because `opt/' should be distributed even if it is not needed
in the current configuration. This means `opt/Makefile' should be
created _unconditionally_.
There are two ways to setup a project like this. You can use
Automake conditionals (*note Conditionals::) or use Autoconf `AC_SUBST'
variables (*note Setting Output Variables: (autoconf)Setting Output
Variables.). Using Automake conditionals is the preferred solution.
Before we illustrate these two possibilities, let's introduce
`DIST_SUBDIRS'.
7.2.1 `SUBDIRS' vs. `DIST_SUBDIRS'
----------------------------------
Automake considers two sets of directories, defined by the variables
`SUBDIRS' and `DIST_SUBDIRS'.
`SUBDIRS' contains the subdirectories of the current directory that
must be built (*note Subdirectories::). It must be defined manually;
Automake will never guess a directory is to be built. As we will see
in the next two sections, it is possible to define it conditionally so
that some directory will be omitted from the build.
`DIST_SUBDIRS' is used in rules that need to recurse in all
directories, even those that have been conditionally left out of the
build. Recall our example where we may not want to build subdirectory
`opt/', but yet we want to distribute it? This is where `DIST_SUBDIRS'
come into play: `opt' may not appear in `SUBDIRS', but it must appear
in `DIST_SUBDIRS'.
Precisely, `DIST_SUBDIRS' is used by `make maintainer-clean', `make
distclean' and `make dist'. All other recursive rules use `SUBDIRS'.
If `SUBDIRS' is defined conditionally using Automake conditionals,
Automake will define `DIST_SUBDIRS' automatically from the possibles
values of `SUBDIRS' in all conditions.
If `SUBDIRS' contains `AC_SUBST' variables, `DIST_SUBDIRS' will not
be defined correctly because Automake does not know the possible values
of these variables. In this case `DIST_SUBDIRS' needs to be defined
manually.
7.2.2 Conditional subdirectories with `AM_CONDITIONAL'
------------------------------------------------------
`configure' should output the `Makefile' for each directory and define
a condition into which `opt/' should be built.
...
AM_CONDITIONAL([COND_OPT], [test "$want_opt" = yes])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile opt/Makefile])
...
Then `SUBDIRS' can be defined in the top-level `Makefile.am' as
follows.
if COND_OPT
MAYBE_OPT = opt
endif
SUBDIRS = src $(MAYBE_OPT)
As you can see, running `make' will rightly recurse into `src/' and
maybe `opt/'.
As you can't see, running `make dist' will recurse into both `src/'
and `opt/' directories because `make dist', unlike `make all', doesn't
use the `SUBDIRS' variable. It uses the `DIST_SUBDIRS' variable.
In this case Automake will define `DIST_SUBDIRS = src opt'
automatically because it knows that `MAYBE_OPT' can contain `opt' in
some condition.
7.2.3 Conditional Subdirectories with `AC_SUBST'
------------------------------------------------
Another possibility is to define `MAYBE_OPT' from `./configure' using
`AC_SUBST':
...
if test "$want_opt" = yes; then
MAYBE_OPT=opt
else
MAYBE_OPT=
fi
AC_SUBST([MAYBE_OPT])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile opt/Makefile])
...
In this case the top-level `Makefile.am' should look as follows.
SUBDIRS = src $(MAYBE_OPT)
DIST_SUBDIRS = src opt
The drawback is that since Automake cannot guess what the possible
values of `MAYBE_OPT' are, it is necessary to define `DIST_SUBDIRS'.
7.2.4 Non-configured Subdirectories
-----------------------------------
The semantic of `DIST_SUBDIRS' is often misunderstood by some users
that try to _configure and build_ subdirectories conditionally. Here
by configuring we mean creating the `Makefile' (it might also involve
running a nested `configure' script: this is a costly operation that
explains why people want to do it conditionally, but only the `Makefile'
is relevant to the discussion).
The above examples all assume that every `Makefile' is created, even
in directories that are not going to be built. The simple reason is
that we want `make dist' to distribute even the directories that are
not being built (e.g., platform-dependent code), hence `make dist' must
recurse into the subdirectory, hence this directory must be configured
and appear in `DIST_SUBDIRS'.
Building packages that do not configure every subdirectory is a
tricky business, and we do not recommend it to the novice as it is easy
to produce an incomplete tarball by mistake. We will not discuss this
topic in depth here, yet for the adventurous here are a few rules to
remember.
* `SUBDIRS' should always be a subset of `DIST_SUBDIRS'.
It makes little sense to have a directory in `SUBDIRS' that is not
in `DIST_SUBDIRS'. Think of the former as a way to tell which
directories listed in the latter should be built.
* Any directory listed in `DIST_SUBDIRS' and `SUBDIRS' must be
configured.
I.e., the `Makefile' must exists or the recursive `make' rules
will not be able to process the directory.
* Any configured directory must be listed in `DIST_SUBDIRS'.
So that the cleaning rule remove the generated `Makefile's. It
would be correct to see `DIST_SUBDIRS' as a variable that lists
all the directories that have been configured.
In order to prevent recursion in some non-configured directory you
must therefore ensure that this directory does not appear in
`DIST_SUBDIRS' (and `SUBDIRS'). For instance, if you define `SUBDIRS'
conditionally using `AC_SUBST' and do not define `DIST_SUBDIRS'
explicitly, it will be default to `$(SUBDIRS)'; another possibility is
to force `DIST_SUBDIRS = $(SUBDIRS)'.
Of course, directories that are omitted from `DIST_SUBDIRS' will not
be distributed unless you make other arrangements for this to happen
(for instance, always running `make dist' in a configuration where all
directories are known to appear in `DIST_SUBDIRS'; or writing a
`dist-hook' target to distribute these directories).
In few packages, non-configured directories are not even expected to
be distributed. Although these packages do not require the
aforementioned extra arrangements, there is another pitfall. If the
name of a directory appears in `SUBDIRS' or `DIST_SUBDIRS', `automake'
will make sure the directory exists. Consequently `automake' cannot be
run on such a distribution when one directory has been omitted. One
way to avoid this check is to use the `AC_SUBST' method to declare
conditional directories; since `automake' does not know the values of
`AC_SUBST' variables it cannot ensure the corresponding directory exist.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Alternative, Next: Subpackages, Prev: Conditional Subdirectories, Up: Directories
7.3 An Alternative Approach to Subdirectories
=============================================
If you've ever read Peter Miller's excellent paper, Recursive Make
Considered Harmful
(http://www.pcug.org.au/~millerp/rmch/recu-make-cons-harm.html), the
preceding sections on the use of subdirectories will probably come as
unwelcome advice. For those who haven't read the paper, Miller's main
thesis is that recursive `make' invocations are both slow and
error-prone.
Automake provides sufficient cross-directory support (1) to enable
you to write a single `Makefile.am' for a complex multi-directory
package.
By default an installable file specified in a subdirectory will have
its directory name stripped before installation. For instance, in this
example, the header file will be installed as `$(includedir)/stdio.h':
include_HEADERS = inc/stdio.h
However, the `nobase_' prefix can be used to circumvent this path
stripping. In this example, the header file will be installed as
`$(includedir)/sys/types.h':
nobase_include_HEADERS = sys/types.h
`nobase_' should be specified first when used in conjunction with
either `dist_' or `nodist_' (*note Dist::). For instance:
nobase_dist_pkgdata_DATA = images/vortex.pgm sounds/whirl.ogg
Finally, note that a variable using the `nobase_' prefix can always
be replaced by several variables, one for each destination directory
(*note Uniform::). For instance, the last example could be rewritten
as follows:
imagesdir = $(pkgdatadir)/images
soundsdir = $(pkgdatadir)/sounds
dist_images_DATA = images/vortex.pgm
dist_sounds_DATA = sounds/whirl.ogg
This latter syntax makes it possible to change one destination
directory without changing the layout of the source tree.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) We believe. This work is new and there are probably warts.
*Note Introduction::, for information on reporting bugs.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Subpackages, Prev: Alternative, Up: Directories
7.4 Nesting Packages
====================
In the GNU Build System, packages can be nested to arbitrary depth.
This means that a package can embedded other packages with their own
`configure', `Makefile's, etc.
These other packages should just appear as subdirectories of their
parent package. They must be listed in `SUBDIRS' like other ordinary
directories. However the subpackage's `Makefile's should be output by
its own `configure' script, not by the parent's `configure'. This is
achieved using the `AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS' Autoconf macro (*note
AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS: (autoconf)Subdirectories.).
Here is an example package for an `arm' program that links with an
`hand' library that is a nested package in subdirectory `hand/'.
`arm''s `configure.ac':
AC_INIT([arm], [1.0])
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])
# Call hand's ./configure script recursively.
AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS([hand])
AC_OUTPUT
`arm''s `Makefile.am':
# Build the library in the hand subdirectory first.
SUBDIRS = hand
# Include hand's header when compiling this directory.
AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir)/hand
bin_PROGRAMS = arm
arm_SOURCES = arm.c
# link with the hand library.
arm_LDADD = hand/libhand.a
Now here is `hand''s `hand/configure.ac':
AC_INIT([hand], [1.2])
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AC_PROG_CC
AC_PROG_RANLIB
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
and its `hand/Makefile.am':
lib_LIBRARIES = libhand.a
libhand_a_SOURCES = hand.c
When `make dist' is run from the top-level directory it will create
an archive `arm-1.0.tar.gz' that contains the `arm' code as well as the
`hand' subdirectory. This package can be built and installed like any
ordinary package, with the usual `./configure && make && make install'
sequence (the `hand' subpackage will be built and installed by the
process).
When `make dist' is run from the hand directory, it will create a
self-contained `hand-1.2.tar.gz' archive. So although it appears to be
embedded in another package, it can still be used separately.
The purpose of the `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])' instruction is to force
Automake and Autoconf to search for auxiliary scripts in the current
directory. For instance, this means that there will be two copies of
`install-sh': one in the top-level of the `arm' package, and another
one in the `hand/' subdirectory for the `hand' package.
The historical default is to search for these auxiliary scripts in
the parent directory and the grandparent directory. So if the
`AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])' line was removed from `hand/configure.ac',
that subpackage would share the auxiliary script of the `arm' package.
This may looks like a gain in size (a few kilobytes), but it is
actually a loss of modularity as the `hand' subpackage is no longer
self-contained (`make dist' in the subdirectory will not work anymore).
Packages that do not use Automake need more work to be integrated
this way. *Note Third-Party Makefiles::.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Programs, Next: Other objects, Prev: Directories, Up: Top
8 Building Programs and Libraries
*********************************
A large part of Automake's functionality is dedicated to making it easy
to build programs and libraries.
* Menu:
* A Program:: Building a program
* A Library:: Building a library
* A Shared Library:: Building a Libtool library
* Program and Library Variables:: Variables controlling program and
library builds
* Default _SOURCES:: Default source files
* LIBOBJS:: Special handling for LIBOBJS and ALLOCA
* Program variables:: Variables used when building a program
* Yacc and Lex:: Yacc and Lex support
* C++ Support:: Compiling C++ sources
* Objective C Support:: Compiling Objective C sources
* Unified Parallel C Support:: Compiling Unified Parallel C sources
* Assembly Support:: Compiling assembly sources
* Fortran 77 Support:: Compiling Fortran 77 sources
* Fortran 9x Support:: Compiling Fortran 9x sources
* Java Support:: Compiling Java sources
* Support for Other Languages:: Compiling other languages
* ANSI:: Automatic de-ANSI-fication (obsolete)
* Dependencies:: Automatic dependency tracking
* EXEEXT:: Support for executable extensions
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: A Program, Next: A Library, Up: Programs
8.1 Building a program
======================
In order to build a program, you need to tell Automake which sources
are part of it, and which libraries it should be linked with.
This section also covers conditional compilation of sources or
programs. Most of the comments about these also apply to libraries
(*note A Library::) and libtool libraries (*note A Shared Library::).
* Menu:
* Program Sources:: Defining program sources
* Linking:: Linking with libraries or extra objects
* Conditional Sources:: Handling conditional sources
* Conditional Programs:: Building program conditionally
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Program Sources, Next: Linking, Up: A Program
8.1.1 Defining program sources
------------------------------
In a directory containing source that gets built into a program (as
opposed to a library or a script), the `PROGRAMS' primary is used.
Programs can be installed in `bindir', `sbindir', `libexecdir',
`pkglibdir', or not at all (`noinst_'). They can also be built only
for `make check', in which case the prefix is `check_'.
For instance:
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
In this simple case, the resulting `Makefile.in' will contain code
to generate a program named `hello'.
Associated with each program are several assisting variables that are
named after the program. These variables are all optional, and have
reasonable defaults. Each variable, its use, and default is spelled out
below; we use the "hello" example throughout.
The variable `hello_SOURCES' is used to specify which source files
get built into an executable:
hello_SOURCES = hello.c version.c getopt.c getopt1.c getopt.h system.h
This causes each mentioned `.c' file to be compiled into the
corresponding `.o'. Then all are linked to produce `hello'.
If `hello_SOURCES' is not specified, then it defaults to the single
file `hello.c' (*note Default _SOURCES::).
Multiple programs can be built in a single directory. Multiple
programs can share a single source file, which must be listed in each
`_SOURCES' definition.
Header files listed in a `_SOURCES' definition will be included in
the distribution but otherwise ignored. In case it isn't obvious, you
should not include the header file generated by `configure' in a
`_SOURCES' variable; this file should not be distributed. Lex (`.l')
and Yacc (`.y') files can also be listed; see *Note Yacc and Lex::.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Linking, Next: Conditional Sources, Prev: Program Sources, Up: A Program
8.1.2 Linking the program
-------------------------
If you need to link against libraries that are not found by
`configure', you can use `LDADD' to do so. This variable is used to
specify additional objects or libraries to link with; it is
inappropriate for specifying specific linker flags, you should use
`AM_LDFLAGS' for this purpose.
Sometimes, multiple programs are built in one directory but do not
share the same link-time requirements. In this case, you can use the
`PROG_LDADD' variable (where PROG is the name of the program as it
appears in some `_PROGRAMS' variable, and usually written in lowercase)
to override the global `LDADD'. If this variable exists for a given
program, then that program is not linked using `LDADD'.
For instance, in GNU cpio, `pax', `cpio' and `mt' are linked against
the library `libcpio.a'. However, `rmt' is built in the same
directory, and has no such link requirement. Also, `mt' and `rmt' are
only built on certain architectures. Here is what cpio's
`src/Makefile.am' looks like (abridged):
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax $(MT)
libexec_PROGRAMS = $(RMT)
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt
LDADD = ../lib/libcpio.a $(INTLLIBS)
rmt_LDADD =
cpio_SOURCES = ...
pax_SOURCES = ...
mt_SOURCES = ...
rmt_SOURCES = ...
`PROG_LDADD' is inappropriate for passing program-specific linker
flags (except for `-l', `-L', `-dlopen' and `-dlpreopen'). So, use the
`PROG_LDFLAGS' variable for this purpose.
It is also occasionally useful to have a program depend on some other
target that is not actually part of that program. This can be done
using the `PROG_DEPENDENCIES' variable. Each program depends on the
contents of such a variable, but no further interpretation is done.
Since these dependencies are associated to the link rule used to
create the programs they should normally list files used by the link
command. That is `*.$(OBJEXT)', `*.a', or `*.la' files. In rare cases
you may need to add other kinds of files such as linker scripts, but
_listing a source file in `_DEPENDENCIES' is wrong_. If some source
file needs to be built before all the components of a program are
built, consider using the `BUILT_SOURCES' variable instead (*note
Sources::).
If `PROG_DEPENDENCIES' is not supplied, it is computed by Automake.
The automatically-assigned value is the contents of `PROG_LDADD', with
most configure substitutions, `-l', `-L', `-dlopen' and `-dlpreopen'
options removed. The configure substitutions that are left in are only
`$(LIBOBJS)' and `$(ALLOCA)'; these are left because it is known that
they will not cause an invalid value for `PROG_DEPENDENCIES' to be
generated.
*Note Conditional Sources:: shows a situation where `_DEPENDENCIES'
is useful.
We recommend that you avoid using `-l' options in `LDADD' or
`PROG_LDADD' when referring to libraries built by your package.
Instead, write the file name of the library explicitly as in the above
`cpio' example. Use `-l' only to list third-party libraries. If you
follow this rule, the default value of `PROG_DEPENDENCIES' will list
all your local libraries and omit the other ones.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Conditional Sources, Next: Conditional Programs, Prev: Linking, Up: A Program
8.1.3 Conditional compilation of sources
----------------------------------------
You can't put a configure substitution (e.g., `@FOO@' or `$(FOO)' where
`FOO' is defined via `AC_SUBST') into a `_SOURCES' variable. The
reason for this is a bit hard to explain, but suffice to say that it
simply won't work. Automake will give an error if you try to do this.
Fortunately there are two other ways to achieve the same result.
One is to use configure substitutions in `_LDADD' variables, the other
is to use an Automake conditional.
8.1.3.1 Conditional compilation using `_LDADD' substitutions
............................................................
Automake must know all the source files that could possibly go into a
program, even if not all the files are built in every circumstance. Any
files that are only conditionally built should be listed in the
appropriate `EXTRA_' variable. For instance, if `hello-linux.c' or
`hello-generic.c' were conditionally included in `hello', the
`Makefile.am' would contain:
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello-common.c
EXTRA_hello_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-generic.c
hello_LDADD = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
hello_DEPENDENCIES = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
You can then setup the `$(HELLO_SYSTEM)' substitution from
`configure.ac':
...
case $host in
*linux*) HELLO_SYSTEM='hello-linux.$(OBJEXT)' ;;
*) HELLO_SYSTEM='hello-generic.$(OBJEXT)' ;;
esac
AC_SUBST([HELLO_SYSTEM])
...
In this case, the variable `HELLO_SYSTEM' should be replaced by
either `hello-linux.o' or `hello-generic.o', and added to both
`hello_DEPENDENCIES' and `hello_LDADD' in order to be built and linked
in.
8.1.3.2 Conditional compilation using Automake conditionals
...........................................................
An often simpler way to compile source files conditionally is to use
Automake conditionals. For instance, you could use this `Makefile.am'
construct to build the same `hello' example:
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
if LINUX
hello_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-common.c
else
hello_SOURCES = hello-generic.c hello-common.c
endif
In this case, `configure.ac' should setup the `LINUX' conditional
using `AM_CONDITIONAL' (*note Conditionals::).
When using conditionals like this you don't need to use the `EXTRA_'
variable, because Automake will examine the contents of each variable
to construct the complete list of source files.
If your program uses a lot of files, you will probably prefer a
conditional `+='.
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello-common.c
if LINUX
hello_SOURCES += hello-linux.c
else
hello_SOURCES += hello-generic.c
endif
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Conditional Programs, Prev: Conditional Sources, Up: A Program
8.1.4 Conditional compilation of programs
-----------------------------------------
Sometimes it is useful to determine the programs that are to be built
at configure time. For instance, GNU `cpio' only builds `mt' and `rmt'
under special circumstances. The means to achieve conditional
compilation of programs are the same you can use to compile source
files conditionally: substitutions or conditionals.
8.1.4.1 Conditional programs using `configure' substitutions
............................................................
In this case, you must notify Automake of all the programs that can
possibly be built, but at the same time cause the generated
`Makefile.in' to use the programs specified by `configure'. This is
done by having `configure' substitute values into each `_PROGRAMS'
definition, while listing all optionally built programs in
`EXTRA_PROGRAMS'.
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax $(MT)
libexec_PROGRAMS = $(RMT)
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt
As explained in *Note EXEEXT::, Automake will rewrite
`bin_PROGRAMS', `libexec_PROGRAMS', and `EXTRA_PROGRAMS', appending
`$(EXEEXT)' to each binary. Obviously it cannot rewrite values
obtained at run-time through `configure' substitutions, therefore you
should take care of appending `$(EXEEXT)' yourself, as in
`AC_SUBST([MT], ['mt${EXEEXT}'])'.
8.1.4.2 Conditional programs using Automake conditionals
........................................................
You can also use Automake conditionals (*note Conditionals::) to select
programs to be built. In this case you don't have to worry about
`$(EXEEXT)' or `EXTRA_PROGRAMS'.
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax
if WANT_MT
bin_PROGRAMS += mt
endif
if WANT_RMT
libexec_PROGRAMS = rmt
endif
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: A Library, Next: A Shared Library, Prev: A Program, Up: Programs
8.2 Building a library
======================
Building a library is much like building a program. In this case, the
name of the primary is `LIBRARIES'. Libraries can be installed in
`libdir' or `pkglibdir'.
*Note A Shared Library::, for information on how to build shared
libraries using libtool and the `LTLIBRARIES' primary.
Each `_LIBRARIES' variable is a list of the libraries to be built.
For instance, to create a library named `libcpio.a', but not install
it, you would write:
noinst_LIBRARIES = libcpio.a
libcpio_a_SOURCES = ...
The sources that go into a library are determined exactly as they are
for programs, via the `_SOURCES' variables. Note that the library name
is canonicalized (*note Canonicalization::), so the `_SOURCES' variable
corresponding to `libcpio.a' is `libcpio_a_SOURCES', not
`libcpio.a_SOURCES'.
Extra objects can be added to a library using the `LIBRARY_LIBADD'
variable. This should be used for objects determined by `configure'.
Again from `cpio':
libcpio_a_LIBADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)
In addition, sources for extra objects that will not exist until
configure-time must be added to the `BUILT_SOURCES' variable (*note
Sources::).
Building a static library is done by compiling all object files, then
by invoking `$(AR) $(ARFLAGS)' followed by the name of the library and
the list of objects, and finally by calling `$(RANLIB)' on that
library. You should call `AC_PROG_RANLIB' from your `configure.ac' to
define `RANLIB' (Automake will complain otherwise). `AR' and `ARFLAGS'
default to `ar' and `cru' respectively; you can override these two
variables my setting them in your `Makefile.am', by `AC_SUBST'ing them
from your `configure.ac', or by defining a per-library `maude_AR'
variable (*note Program and Library Variables::).
Be careful when selecting library components conditionally. Because
building an empty library is not portable, you should ensure that any
library contains always at least one object.
To use a static library when building a program, add it to `LDADD'
for this program. In the following example, the program `cpio' is
statically linked with the library `libcpio.a'.
noinst_LIBRARIES = libcpio.a
libcpio_a_SOURCES = ...
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio
cpio_SOURCES = cpio.c ...
cpio_LDADD = libcpio.a
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: A Shared Library, Next: Program and Library Variables, Prev: A Library, Up: Programs
8.3 Building a Shared Library
=============================
Building shared libraries portably is a relatively complex matter. For
this reason, GNU Libtool (*note Introduction: (libtool)Top.) was
created to help build shared libraries in a platform-independent way.
* Menu:
* Libtool Concept:: Introducing Libtool
* Libtool Libraries:: Declaring Libtool Libraries
* Conditional Libtool Libraries:: Building Libtool Libraries Conditionally
* Conditional Libtool Sources:: Choosing Library Sources Conditionally
* Libtool Convenience Libraries:: Building Convenience Libtool Libraries
* Libtool Modules:: Building Libtool Modules
* Libtool Flags:: Using _LIBADD, _LDFLAGS, and _LIBTOOLFLAGS
* LTLIBOBJS:: Using $(LTLIBOBJS) and $(LTALLOCA)
* Libtool Issues:: Common Issues Related to Libtool's Use
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Libtool Concept, Next: Libtool Libraries, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.1 The Libtool Concept
-------------------------
Libtool abstracts shared and static libraries into a unified concept
henceforth called "libtool libraries". Libtool libraries are files
using the `.la' suffix, and can designate a static library, a shared
library, or maybe both. Their exact nature cannot be determined until
`./configure' is run: not all platforms support all kinds of libraries,
and users can explicitly select which libraries should be built.
(However the package's maintainers can tune the default, *note The
`AC_PROG_LIBTOOL' macro: (libtool)AC_PROG_LIBTOOL.)
Because object files for shared and static libraries must be compiled
differently, libtool is also used during compilation. Object files
built by libtool are called "libtool objects": these are files using
the `.lo' suffix. Libtool libraries are built from these libtool
objects.
You should not assume anything about the structure of `.la' or `.lo'
files and how libtool constructs them: this is libtool's concern, and
the last thing one wants is to learn about libtool's guts. However the
existence of these files matters, because they are used as targets and
dependencies in `Makefile's rules when building libtool libraries.
There are situations where you may have to refer to these, for instance
when expressing dependencies for building source files conditionally
(*note Conditional Libtool Sources::).
People considering writing a plug-in system, with dynamically loaded
modules, should look into `libltdl': libtool's dlopening library (*note
Using libltdl: (libtool)Using libltdl.). This offers a portable
dlopening facility to load libtool libraries dynamically, and can also
achieve static linking where unavoidable.
Before we discuss how to use libtool with Automake in details, it
should be noted that the libtool manual also has a section about how to
use Automake with libtool (*note Using Automake with Libtool:
(libtool)Using Automake.).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Libtool Libraries, Next: Conditional Libtool Libraries, Prev: Libtool Concept, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.2 Building Libtool Libraries
--------------------------------
Automake uses libtool to build libraries declared with the
`LTLIBRARIES' primary. Each `_LTLIBRARIES' variable is a list of
libtool libraries to build. For instance, to create a libtool library
named `libgettext.la', and install it in `libdir', write:
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libgettext.la
libgettext_la_SOURCES = gettext.c gettext.h ...
Automake predefines the variable `pkglibdir', so you can use
`pkglib_LTLIBRARIES' to install libraries in `$(libdir)/@PACKAGE@/'.
If `gettext.h' is a public header file that needs to be installed in
order for people to use the library, it should be declared using a
`_HEADERS' variable, not in `libgettext_la_SOURCES'. Headers listed in
the latter should be internal headers that are not part of the public
interface.
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libgettext.la
libgettext_la_SOURCES = gettext.c ...
include_HEADERS = gettext.h ...
A package can build and install such a library along with other
programs that use it. This dependency should be specified using
`LDADD'. The following example builds a program named `hello' that is
linked with `libgettext.la'.
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libgettext.la
libgettext_la_SOURCES = gettext.c ...
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello.c ...
hello_LDADD = libgettext.la
Whether `hello' is statically or dynamically linked with
`libgettext.la' is not yet known: this will depend on the configuration
of libtool and the capabilities of the host.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Conditional Libtool Libraries, Next: Conditional Libtool Sources, Prev: Libtool Libraries, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.3 Building Libtool Libraries Conditionally
----------------------------------------------
Like conditional programs (*note Conditional Programs::), there are two
main ways to build conditional libraries: using Automake conditionals
or using Autoconf `AC_SUBST'itutions.
The important implementation detail you have to be aware of is that
the place where a library will be installed matters to libtool: it
needs to be indicated _at link-time_ using the `-rpath' option.
For libraries whose destination directory is known when Automake
runs, Automake will automatically supply the appropriate `-rpath'
option to libtool. This is the case for libraries listed explicitly in
some installable `_LTLIBRARIES' variables such as `lib_LTLIBRARIES'.
However, for libraries determined at configure time (and thus
mentioned in `EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES'), Automake does not know the final
installation directory. For such libraries you must add the `-rpath'
option to the appropriate `_LDFLAGS' variable by hand.
The examples below illustrate the differences between these two
methods.
Here is an example where `WANTEDLIBS' is an `AC_SUBST'ed variable
set at `./configure'-time to either `libfoo.la', `libbar.la', both, or
none. Although `$(WANTEDLIBS)' appears in the `lib_LTLIBRARIES',
Automake cannot guess it relates to `libfoo.la' or `libbar.la' by the
time it creates the link rule for these two libraries. Therefore the
`-rpath' argument must be explicitly supplied.
EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la libbar.la
lib_LTLIBRARIES = $(WANTEDLIBS)
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c ...
libfoo_la_LDFLAGS = -rpath '$(libdir)'
libbar_la_SOURCES = bar.c ...
libbar_la_LDFLAGS = -rpath '$(libdir)'
Here is how the same `Makefile.am' would look using Automake
conditionals named `WANT_LIBFOO' and `WANT_LIBBAR'. Now Automake is
able to compute the `-rpath' setting itself, because it's clear that
both libraries will end up in `$(libdir)' if they are installed.
lib_LTLIBRARIES =
if WANT_LIBFOO
lib_LTLIBRARIES += libfoo.la
endif
if WANT_LIBBAR
lib_LTLIBRARIES += libbar.la
endif
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c ...
libbar_la_SOURCES = bar.c ...
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Conditional Libtool Sources, Next: Libtool Convenience Libraries, Prev: Conditional Libtool Libraries, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.4 Libtool Libraries with Conditional Sources
------------------------------------------------
Conditional compilation of sources in a library can be achieved in the
same way as conditional compilation of sources in a program (*note
Conditional Sources::). The only difference is that `_LIBADD' should
be used instead of `_LDADD' and that it should mention libtool objects
(`.lo' files).
So, to mimic the `hello' example from *Note Conditional Sources::,
we could build a `libhello.la' library using either `hello-linux.c' or
`hello-generic.c' with the following `Makefile.am'.
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libhello.la
libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-common.c
EXTRA_libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-generic.c
libhello_la_LIBADD = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
libhello_la_DEPENDENCIES = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
And make sure `configure' defines `HELLO_SYSTEM' as either
`hello-linux.lo' or `hello-generic.lo'.
Or we could simply use an Automake conditional as follows.
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libhello.la
libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-common.c
if LINUX
libhello_la_SOURCES += hello-linux.c
else
libhello_la_SOURCES += hello-generic.c
endif
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Libtool Convenience Libraries, Next: Libtool Modules, Prev: Conditional Libtool Sources, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.5 Libtool Convenience Libraries
-----------------------------------
Sometimes you want to build libtool libraries that should not be
installed. These are called "libtool convenience libraries" and are
typically used to encapsulate many sublibraries, later gathered into
one big installed library.
Libtool convenience libraries are declared by directory-less
variables such as `noinst_LTLIBRARIES', `check_LTLIBRARIES', or even
`EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES'. Unlike installed libtool libraries they do not
need an `-rpath' flag at link time (actually this is the only
difference).
Convenience libraries listed in `noinst_LTLIBRARIES' are always
built. Those listed in `check_LTLIBRARIES' are built only upon `make
check'. Finally, libraries listed in `EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES' are never
built explicitly: Automake outputs rules to build them, but if the
library does not appear as a Makefile dependency anywhere it won't be
built (this is why `EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES' is used for conditional
compilation).
Here is a sample setup merging libtool convenience libraries from
subdirectories into one main `libtop.la' library.
# -- Top-level Makefile.am --
SUBDIRS = sub1 sub2 ...
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libtop.la
libtop_la_SOURCES =
libtop_la_LIBADD = \
sub1/libsub1.la \
sub2/libsub2.la \
...
# -- sub1/Makefile.am --
noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libsub1.la
libsub1_la_SOURCES = ...
# -- sub2/Makefile.am --
# showing nested convenience libraries
SUBDIRS = sub2.1 sub2.2 ...
noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libsub2.la
libsub2_la_SOURCES =
libsub2_la_LIBADD = \
sub21/libsub21.la \
sub22/libsub22.la \
...
When using such setup, beware that `automake' will assume
`libtop.la' is to be linked with the C linker. This is because
`libtop_la_SOURCES' is empty, so `automake' picks C as default
language. If `libtop_la_SOURCES' was not empty, `automake' would
select the linker as explained in *Note How the Linker is Chosen::.
If one of the sublibraries contains non-C source, it is important
that the appropriate linker be chosen. One way to achieve this is to
pretend that there is such a non-C file among the sources of the
library, thus forcing `automake' to select the appropriate linker.
Here is the top-level `Makefile' of our example updated to force C++
linking.
SUBDIRS = sub1 sub2 ...
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libtop.la
libtop_la_SOURCES =
# Dummy C++ source to cause C++ linking.
nodist_EXTRA_libtop_la_SOURCES = dummy.cxx
libtop_la_LIBADD = \
sub1/libsub1.la \
sub2/libsub2.la \
...
`EXTRA_*_SOURCES' variables are used to keep track of source files
that might be compiled (this is mostly useful when doing conditional
compilation using `AC_SUBST', *note Conditional Libtool Sources::), and
the `nodist_' prefix means the listed sources are not to be distributed
(*note Program and Library Variables::). In effect the file
`dummy.cxx' does not need to exist in the source tree. Of course if
you have some real source file to list in `libtop_la_SOURCES' there is
no point in cheating with `nodist_EXTRA_libtop_la_SOURCES'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Libtool Modules, Next: Libtool Flags, Prev: Libtool Convenience Libraries, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.6 Libtool Modules
---------------------
These are libtool libraries meant to be dlopened. They are indicated
to libtool by passing `-module' at link-time.
pkglib_LTLIBRARIES = mymodule.la
mymodule_la_SOURCES = doit.c
mymodule_la_LDFLAGS = -module
Ordinarily, Automake requires that a library's name starts with
`lib'. However, when building a dynamically loadable module you might
wish to use a "nonstandard" name. Automake will not complain about
such nonstandard name if it knows the library being built is a libtool
module, i.e., if `-module' explicitly appears in the library's
`_LDFLAGS' variable (or in the common `AM_LDFLAGS' variable when no
per-library `_LDFLAGS' variable is defined).
As always, `AC_SUBST' variables are black boxes to Automake since
their values are not yet known when `automake' is run. Therefore if
`-module' is set via such a variable, Automake cannot notice it and
will proceed as if the library was an ordinary libtool library, with
strict naming.
If `mymodule_la_SOURCES' is not specified, then it defaults to the
single file `mymodule.c' (*note Default _SOURCES::).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Libtool Flags, Next: LTLIBOBJS, Prev: Libtool Modules, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.7 `_LIBADD', `_LDFLAGS', and `_LIBTOOLFLAGS'
------------------------------------------------
As shown in previous sections, the `LIBRARY_LIBADD' variable should be
used to list extra libtool objects (`.lo' files) or libtool libraries
(`.la') to add to LIBRARY.
The `LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' variable is the place to list additional
libtool linking flags, such as `-version-info', `-static', and a lot
more. *Note Link mode: (libtool)Link mode.
The `libtool' command has two kinds of options: mode-specific
options and generic options. Mode-specific options such as the
aforementioned linking flags should be lumped with the other flags
passed to the tool invoked by `libtool' (hence the use of
`LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' for libtool linking flags). Generic options include
`--tag=TAG' and `--silent' (*note Invoking `libtool': (libtool)Invoking
libtool. for more options) should appear before the mode selection on
the command line; in `Makefile.am's they should be listed in the
`LIBRARY_LIBTOOLFLAGS' variable.
If `LIBRARY_LIBTOOLFLAGS' is not defined, the global
`AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS' variable is used instead.
These flags are passed to libtool after the `--tag=TAG' option
computed by Automake (if any), so `LIBRARY_LIBTOOLFLAGS' (or
`AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS') is the good place to override or supplement the
`--tag=TAG' setting.
The libtool rules also use a `LIBTOOLFLAGS' variable that should not
be set in `Makefile.am': this is a user variable (*note Flag Variables
Ordering::. It allows users to run `make LIBTOOLFLAGS=--silent', for
instance.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: LTLIBOBJS, Next: Libtool Issues, Prev: Libtool Flags, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.8 `LTLIBOBJS' and `LTALLOCA'
--------------------------------
Where an ordinary library might include `$(LIBOBJS)' or `$(ALLOCA)'
(*note LIBOBJS::), a libtool library must use `$(LTLIBOBJS)' or
`$(LTALLOCA)'. This is required because the object files that libtool
operates on do not necessarily end in `.o'.
Nowadays, the computation of `LTLIBOBJS' from `LIBOBJS' is performed
automatically by Autoconf (*note `AC_LIBOBJ' vs. `LIBOBJS':
(autoconf)AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS.).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Libtool Issues, Prev: LTLIBOBJS, Up: A Shared Library
8.3.9 Common Issues Related to Libtool's Use
--------------------------------------------
8.3.9.1 `required file `./ltmain.sh' not found'
...............................................
Libtool comes with a tool called `libtoolize' that will install
libtool's supporting files into a package. Running this command will
install `ltmain.sh'. You should execute it before `aclocal' and
`automake'.
People upgrading old packages to newer autotools are likely to face
this issue because older Automake versions used to call `libtoolize'.
Therefore old build scripts do not call `libtoolize'.
Since Automake 1.6, it has been decided that running `libtoolize'
was none of Automake's business. Instead, that functionality has been
moved into the `autoreconf' command (*note Using `autoreconf':
(autoconf)autoreconf Invocation.). If you do not want to remember what
to run and when, just learn the `autoreconf' command. Hopefully,
replacing existing `bootstrap.sh' or `autogen.sh' scripts by a call to
`autoreconf' should also free you from any similar incompatible change
in the future.
8.3.9.2 Objects `created with both libtool and without'
.......................................................
Sometimes, the same source file is used both to build a libtool library
and to build another non-libtool target (be it a program or another
library).
Let's consider the following `Makefile.am'.
bin_PROGRAMS = prog
prog_SOURCES = prog.c foo.c ...
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c ...
(In this trivial case the issue could be avoided by linking `libfoo.la'
with `prog' instead of listing `foo.c' in `prog_SOURCES'. But let's
assume we really want to keep `prog' and `libfoo.la' separate.)
Technically, it means that we should build `foo.$(OBJEXT)' for
`prog', and `foo.lo' for `libfoo.la'. The problem is that in the
course of creating `foo.lo', libtool may erase (or replace)
`foo.$(OBJEXT)', and this cannot be avoided.
Therefore, when Automake detects this situation it will complain
with a message such as
object `foo.$(OBJEXT)' created both with libtool and without
A workaround for this issue is to ensure that these two objects get
different basenames. As explained in *Note renamed objects::, this
happens automatically when per-targets flags are used.
bin_PROGRAMS = prog
prog_SOURCES = prog.c foo.c ...
prog_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS)
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c ...
Adding `prog_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS)' is almost a no-op, because when the
`prog_CFLAGS' is defined, it is used instead of `AM_CFLAGS'. However
as a side effect it will cause `prog.c' and `foo.c' to be compiled as
`prog-prog.$(OBJEXT)' and `prog-foo.$(OBJEXT)', which solves the issue.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Program and Library Variables, Next: Default _SOURCES, Prev: A Shared Library, Up: Programs
8.4 Program and Library Variables
=================================
Associated with each program are a collection of variables that can be
used to modify how that program is built. There is a similar list of
such variables for each library. The canonical name of the program (or
library) is used as a base for naming these variables.
In the list below, we use the name "maude" to refer to the program or
library. In your `Makefile.am' you would replace this with the
canonical name of your program. This list also refers to "maude" as a
program, but in general the same rules apply for both static and dynamic
libraries; the documentation below notes situations where programs and
libraries differ.
`maude_SOURCES'
This variable, if it exists, lists all the source files that are
compiled to build the program. These files are added to the
distribution by default. When building the program, Automake will
cause each source file to be compiled to a single `.o' file (or
`.lo' when using libtool). Normally these object files are named
after the source file, but other factors can change this. If a
file in the `_SOURCES' variable has an unrecognized extension,
Automake will do one of two things with it. If a suffix rule
exists for turning files with the unrecognized extension into `.o'
files, then automake will treat this file as it will any other
source file (*note Support for Other Languages::). Otherwise, the
file will be ignored as though it were a header file.
The prefixes `dist_' and `nodist_' can be used to control whether
files listed in a `_SOURCES' variable are distributed. `dist_' is
redundant, as sources are distributed by default, but it can be
specified for clarity if desired.
It is possible to have both `dist_' and `nodist_' variants of a
given `_SOURCES' variable at once; this lets you easily distribute
some files and not others, for instance:
nodist_maude_SOURCES = nodist.c
dist_maude_SOURCES = dist-me.c
By default the output file (on Unix systems, the `.o' file) will
be put into the current build directory. However, if the option
`subdir-objects' is in effect in the current directory then the
`.o' file will be put into the subdirectory named after the source
file. For instance, with `subdir-objects' enabled,
`sub/dir/file.c' will be compiled to `sub/dir/file.o'. Some
people prefer this mode of operation. You can specify
`subdir-objects' in `AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' (*note Options::).
`EXTRA_maude_SOURCES'
Automake needs to know the list of files you intend to compile
_statically_. For one thing, this is the only way Automake has of
knowing what sort of language support a given `Makefile.in'
requires. (1) This means that, for example, you can't put a
configure substitution like `@my_sources@' into a `_SOURCES'
variable. If you intend to conditionally compile source files and
use `configure' to substitute the appropriate object names into,
e.g., `_LDADD' (see below), then you should list the corresponding
source files in the `EXTRA_' variable.
This variable also supports `dist_' and `nodist_' prefixes. For
instance, `nodist_EXTRA_maude_SOURCES' would list extra sources
that may need to be built, but should not be distributed.
`maude_AR'
A static library is created by default by invoking `$(AR)
$(ARFLAGS)' followed by the name of the library and then the
objects being put into the library. You can override this by
setting the `_AR' variable. This is usually used with C++; some
C++ compilers require a special invocation in order to instantiate
all the templates that should go into a library. For instance,
the SGI C++ compiler likes this variable set like so:
libmaude_a_AR = $(CXX) -ar -o
`maude_LIBADD'
Extra objects can be added to a _library_ using the `_LIBADD'
variable. For instance, this should be used for objects
determined by `configure' (*note A Library::).
In the case of libtool libraries, `maude_LIBADD' can also refer to
other libtool libraries.
`maude_LDADD'
Extra objects (`*.$(OBJEXT)') and libraries (`*.a', `*.la') can be
added to a _program_ by listing them in the `_LDADD' variable.
For instance, this should be used for objects determined by
`configure' (*note Linking::).
`_LDADD' and `_LIBADD' are inappropriate for passing
program-specific linker flags (except for `-l', `-L', `-dlopen'
and `-dlpreopen'). Use the `_LDFLAGS' variable for this purpose.
For instance, if your `configure.ac' uses `AC_PATH_XTRA', you
could link your program against the X libraries like so:
maude_LDADD = $(X_PRE_LIBS) $(X_LIBS) $(X_EXTRA_LIBS)
We recommend that you use `-l' and `-L' only when referring to
third-party libraries, and give the explicit file names of any
library built by your package. Doing so will ensure that
`maude_DEPENDENCIES' (see below) is correctly defined by default.
`maude_LDFLAGS'
This variable is used to pass extra flags to the link step of a
program or a shared library. It overrides the global `AM_LDFLAGS'
variable.
`maude_LIBTOOLFLAGS'
This variable is used to pass extra options to `libtool'. It
overrides the global `AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS' variable. These options
are output before `libtool''s `--mode=MODE' option, so they should
not be mode-specific options (those belong to the compiler or
linker flags). *Note Libtool Flags::.
`maude_DEPENDENCIES'
It is also occasionally useful to have a target (program or
library) depend on some other file that is not actually part of
that target. This can be done using the `_DEPENDENCIES' variable.
Each targets depends on the contents of such a variable, but no
further interpretation is done.
Since these dependencies are associated to the link rule used to
create the programs they should normally list files used by the
link command. That is `*.$(OBJEXT)', `*.a', or `*.la' files for
programs; `*.lo' and `*.la' files for Libtool libraries; and
`*.$(OBJEXT)' files for static libraries. In rare cases you may
need to add other kinds of files such as linker scripts, but
_listing a source file in `_DEPENDENCIES' is wrong_. If some
source file needs to be built before all the components of a
program are built, consider using the `BUILT_SOURCES' variable
(*note Sources::).
If `_DEPENDENCIES' is not supplied, it is computed by Automake.
The automatically-assigned value is the contents of `_LDADD' or
`_LIBADD', with most configure substitutions, `-l', `-L',
`-dlopen' and `-dlpreopen' options removed. The configure
substitutions that are left in are only `$(LIBOBJS)' and
`$(ALLOCA)'; these are left because it is known that they will not
cause an invalid value for `_DEPENDENCIES' to be generated.
`_DEPENDENCIES' is more likely used to perform conditional
compilation using an `AC_SUBST' variable that contains a list of
objects. *Note Conditional Sources::, and *Note Conditional
Libtool Sources::.
`maude_LINK'
You can override the linker on a per-program basis. By default the
linker is chosen according to the languages used by the program.
For instance, a program that includes C++ source code would use
the C++ compiler to link. The `_LINK' variable must hold the name
of a command that can be passed all the `.o' file names as
arguments. Note that the name of the underlying program is _not_
passed to `_LINK'; typically one uses `$@':
maude_LINK = $(CCLD) -magic -o $@
`maude_CCASFLAGS'
`maude_CFLAGS'
`maude_CPPFLAGS'
`maude_CXXFLAGS'
`maude_FFLAGS'
`maude_GCJFLAGS'
`maude_LFLAGS'
`maude_OBJCFLAGS'
`maude_RFLAGS'
`maude_UPCFLAGS'
`maude_YFLAGS'
Automake allows you to set compilation flags on a per-program (or
per-library) basis. A single source file can be included in
several programs, and it will potentially be compiled with
different flags for each program. This works for any language
directly supported by Automake. These "per-target compilation
flags" are `_CCASFLAGS', `_CFLAGS', `_CPPFLAGS', `_CXXFLAGS',
`_FFLAGS', `_GCJFLAGS', `_LFLAGS', `_OBJCFLAGS', `_RFLAGS',
`_UPCFLAGS', and `_YFLAGS'.
When using a per-target compilation flag, Automake will choose a
different name for the intermediate object files. Ordinarily a
file like `sample.c' will be compiled to produce `sample.o'.
However, if the program's `_CFLAGS' variable is set, then the
object file will be named, for instance, `maude-sample.o'. (See
also *Note renamed objects::.) The use of per-target compilation
flags with C sources requires that the macro `AM_PROG_CC_C_O' be
called from `configure.ac'.
In compilations with per-target flags, the ordinary `AM_' form of
the flags variable is _not_ automatically included in the
compilation (however, the user form of the variable _is_ included).
So for instance, if you want the hypothetical `maude' compilations
to also use the value of `AM_CFLAGS', you would need to write:
maude_CFLAGS = ... your flags ... $(AM_CFLAGS)
*Note Flag Variables Ordering::, for more discussion about the
interaction between user variables, `AM_' shadow variables, and
per-target variables.
`maude_SHORTNAME'
On some platforms the allowable file names are very short. In
order to support these systems and per-target compilation flags at
the same time, Automake allows you to set a "short name" that will
influence how intermediate object files are named. For instance,
in the following example,
bin_PROGRAMS = maude
maude_CPPFLAGS = -DSOMEFLAG
maude_SHORTNAME = m
maude_SOURCES = sample.c ...
the object file would be named `m-sample.o' rather than
`maude-sample.o'.
This facility is rarely needed in practice, and we recommend
avoiding it until you find it is required.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) There are other, more obscure reasons for this limitation as
well.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Default _SOURCES, Next: LIBOBJS, Prev: Program and Library Variables, Up: Programs
8.5 Default `_SOURCES'
======================
`_SOURCES' variables are used to specify source files of programs
(*note A Program::), libraries (*note A Library::), and Libtool
libraries (*note A Shared Library::).
When no such variable is specified for a target, Automake will define
one itself. The default is to compile a single C file whose base name
is the name of the target itself, with any extension replaced by `.c'.
(Defaulting to C is terrible but we are stuck with it for historical
reasons.)
For example if you have the following somewhere in your
`Makefile.am' with no corresponding `libfoo_a_SOURCES':
lib_LIBRARIES = libfoo.a sub/libc++.a
`libfoo.a' will be built using a default source file named `libfoo.c',
and `sub/libc++.a' will be built from `sub/libc++.c'. (In older
versions `sub/libc++.a' would be built from `sub_libc___a.c', i.e., the
default source was the canonized name of the target, with `.c' appended.
We believe the new behavior is more sensible, but for backward
compatibility automake will use the old name if a file or a rule with
that name exist.)
Default sources are mainly useful in test suites, when building many
tests programs each from a single source. For instance, in
check_PROGRAMS = test1 test2 test3
`test1', `test2', and `test3' will be built from `test1.c', `test2.c',
and `test3.c'.
Another case where is this convenient is building many Libtool
modules (`moduleN.la'), each defined in its own file (`moduleN.c').
AM_LDFLAGS = -module
lib_LTLIBRARIES = module1.la module2.la module3.la
Finally, there is one situation where this default source computation
needs to be avoided: when a target should not be built from sources.
We already saw such an example in *Note true::; this happens when all
the constituents of a target have already been compiled and need just
to be combined using a `_LDADD' variable. Then it is necessary to
define an empty `_SOURCES' variable, so that automake does not compute
a default.
bin_PROGRAMS = target
target_SOURCES =
target_LDADD = libmain.a libmisc.a
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: LIBOBJS, Next: Program variables, Prev: Default _SOURCES, Up: Programs
8.6 Special handling for `LIBOBJS' and `ALLOCA'
===============================================
The `$(LIBOBJS)' and `$(ALLOCA)' variables list object files that
should be compiled into the project to provide an implementation for
functions that are missing or broken on the host system. They are
substituted by `configure'.
These variables are defined by Autoconf macros such as `AC_LIBOBJ',
`AC_REPLACE_FUNCS' (*note Generic Function Checks: (autoconf)Generic
Functions.), or `AC_FUNC_ALLOCA' (*note Particular Function Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Functions.). Many other Autoconf macros call
`AC_LIBOBJ' or `AC_REPLACE_FUNCS' to populate `$(LIBOBJS)'.
Using these variables is very similar to doing conditional
compilation using `AC_SUBST' variables, as described in *Note
Conditional Sources::. That is, when building a program, `$(LIBOBJS)'
and `$(ALLOCA)' should be added to the associated `*_LDADD' variable,
or to the `*_LIBADD' variable when building a library. However there
is no need to list the corresponding sources in `EXTRA_*_SOURCES' nor
to define `*_DEPENDENCIES'. Automake automatically adds `$(LIBOBJS)'
and `$(ALLOCA)' to the dependencies, and it will discover the list of
corresponding source files automatically (by tracing the invocations of
the `AC_LIBSOURCE' Autoconf macros).
These variables are usually used to build a portability library that
is linked with all the programs of the project. We now review a sample
setup. First, `configure.ac' contains some checks that affect either
`LIBOBJS' or `ALLOCA'.
# configure.ac
...
AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR([lib])
...
AC_FUNC_MALLOC dnl May add malloc.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_FUNC_MEMCMP dnl May add memcmp.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_REPLACE_FUNCS([strdup]) dnl May add strdup.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_FUNC_ALLOCA dnl May add alloca.$(OBJEXT) to ALLOCA
...
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
lib/Makefile
src/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT
The `AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR' tells Autoconf that the source files of
these object files are to be found in the `lib/' directory. Automake
can also use this information, otherwise it expects the source files
are to be in the directory where the `$(LIBOBJS)' and `$(ALLOCA)'
variables are used.
The `lib/' directory should therefore contain `malloc.c',
`memcmp.c', `strdup.c', `alloca.c'. Here is its `Makefile.am':
# lib/Makefile.am
noinst_LIBRARIES = libcompat.a
libcompat_a_SOURCES =
libcompat_a_LIBADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)
The library can have any name, of course, and anyway it is not going
to be installed: it just holds the replacement versions of the missing
or broken functions so we can later link them in. In many projects
also include extra functions, specific to the project, in that library:
they are simply added on the `_SOURCES' line.
There is a small trap here, though: `$(LIBOBJS)' and `$(ALLOCA)'
might be empty, and building an empty library is not portable. You
should ensure that there is always something to put in `libcompat.a'.
Most projects will also add some utility functions in that directory,
and list them in `libcompat_a_SOURCES', so in practice `libcompat.a'
cannot be empty.
Finally here is how this library could be used from the `src/'
directory.
# src/Makefile.am
# Link all programs in this directory with libcompat.a
LDADD = ../lib/libcompat.a
bin_PROGRAMS = tool1 tool2 ...
tool1_SOURCES = ...
tool2_SOURCES = ...
When option `subdir-objects' is not used, as in the above example,
the variables `$(LIBOBJS)' or `$(ALLOCA)' can only be used in the
directory where their sources lie. E.g., here it would be wrong to use
`$(LIBOBJS)' or `$(ALLOCA)' in `src/Makefile.am'. However if both
`subdir-objects' and `AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR' are used, it is OK to use
these variables in other directories. For instance `src/Makefile.am'
could be changed as follows.
# src/Makefile.am
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = subdir-objects
LDADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)
bin_PROGRAMS = tool1 tool2 ...
tool1_SOURCES = ...
tool2_SOURCES = ...
Because `$(LIBOBJS)' and `$(ALLOCA)' contain object file names that
end with `.$(OBJEXT)', they are not suitable for Libtool libraries
(where the expected object extension is `.lo'): `LTLIBOBJS' and
`LTALLOCA' should be used instead.
`LTLIBOBJS' is defined automatically by Autoconf and should not be
defined by hand (as in the past), however at the time of writing
`LTALLOCA' still needs to be defined from `ALLOCA' manually. *Note
`AC_LIBOBJ' vs. `LIBOBJS': (autoconf)AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Program variables, Next: Yacc and Lex, Prev: LIBOBJS, Up: Programs
8.7 Variables used when building a program
==========================================
Occasionally it is useful to know which `Makefile' variables Automake
uses for compilations; for instance, you might need to do your own
compilation in some special cases.
Some variables are inherited from Autoconf; these are `CC',
`CFLAGS', `CPPFLAGS', `DEFS', `LDFLAGS', and `LIBS'.
There are some additional variables that Automake defines on its own:
`AM_CPPFLAGS'
The contents of this variable are passed to every compilation that
invokes the C preprocessor; it is a list of arguments to the
preprocessor. For instance, `-I' and `-D' options should be
listed here.
Automake already provides some `-I' options automatically, in a
separate variable that is also passed to every compilation that
invokes the C preprocessor. In particular it generates `-I.',
`-I$(srcdir)', and a `-I' pointing to the directory holding
`config.h' (if you've used `AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' or
`AM_CONFIG_HEADER'). You can disable the default `-I' options
using the `nostdinc' option.
`AM_CPPFLAGS' is ignored in preference to a per-executable (or
per-library) `_CPPFLAGS' variable if it is defined.
`INCLUDES'
This does the same job as `AM_CPPFLAGS' (or any per-target
`_CPPFLAGS' variable if it is used). It is an older name for the
same functionality. This variable is deprecated; we suggest using
`AM_CPPFLAGS' and per-target `_CPPFLAGS' instead.
`AM_CFLAGS'
This is the variable the `Makefile.am' author can use to pass in
additional C compiler flags. It is more fully documented
elsewhere. In some situations, this is not used, in preference to
the per-executable (or per-library) `_CFLAGS'.
`COMPILE'
This is the command used to actually compile a C source file. The
file name is appended to form the complete command line.
`AM_LDFLAGS'
This is the variable the `Makefile.am' author can use to pass in
additional linker flags. In some situations, this is not used, in
preference to the per-executable (or per-library) `_LDFLAGS'.
`LINK'
This is the command used to actually link a C program. It already
includes `-o $@' and the usual variable references (for instance,
`CFLAGS'); it takes as "arguments" the names of the object files
and libraries to link in.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Yacc and Lex, Next: C++ Support, Prev: Program variables, Up: Programs
8.8 Yacc and Lex support
========================
Automake has somewhat idiosyncratic support for Yacc and Lex.
Automake assumes that the `.c' file generated by `yacc' (or `lex')
should be named using the basename of the input file. That is, for a
yacc source file `foo.y', Automake will cause the intermediate file to
be named `foo.c' (as opposed to `y.tab.c', which is more traditional).
The extension of a yacc source file is used to determine the
extension of the resulting C or C++ file. Files with the extension `.y'
will be turned into `.c' files; likewise, `.yy' will become `.cc';
`.y++', `c++'; `.yxx', `.cxx'; and `.ypp', `.cpp'.
Likewise, lex source files can be used to generate C or C++; the
extensions `.l', `.ll', `.l++', `.lxx', and `.lpp' are recognized.
You should never explicitly mention the intermediate (C or C++) file
in any `SOURCES' variable; only list the source file.
The intermediate files generated by `yacc' (or `lex') will be
included in any distribution that is made. That way the user doesn't
need to have `yacc' or `lex'.
If a `yacc' source file is seen, then your `configure.ac' must
define the variable `YACC'. This is most easily done by invoking the
macro `AC_PROG_YACC' (*note Particular Program Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Programs.).
When `yacc' is invoked, it is passed `YFLAGS' and `AM_YFLAGS'. The
former is a user variable and the latter is intended for the
`Makefile.am' author.
`AM_YFLAGS' is usually used to pass the `-d' option to `yacc'.
Automake knows what this means and will automatically adjust its rules
to update and distribute the header file built by `yacc -d'. What
Automake cannot guess, though, is where this header will be used: it is
up to you to ensure the header gets built before it is first used.
Typically this is necessary in order for dependency tracking to work
when the header is included by another file. The common solution is
listing the header file in `BUILT_SOURCES' (*note Sources::) as follows.
BUILT_SOURCES = parser.h
AM_YFLAGS = -d
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = ... parser.y ...
If a `lex' source file is seen, then your `configure.ac' must define
the variable `LEX'. You can use `AC_PROG_LEX' to do this (*note
Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.), but using
`AM_PROG_LEX' macro (*note Macros::) is recommended.
When `lex' is invoked, it is passed `LFLAGS' and `AM_LFLAGS'. The
former is a user variable and the latter is intended for the
`Makefile.am' author.
When `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' (*note maintainer-mode::) is used, the
rebuild rule for distributed Yacc and Lex sources are only used when
`maintainer-mode' is enabled, or when the files have been erased.
When `lex' or `yacc' sources are used, `automake -i' automatically
installs an auxiliary program called `ylwrap' in your package (*note
Auxiliary Programs::). This program is used by the build rules to
rename the output of these tools, and makes it possible to include
multiple `yacc' (or `lex') source files in a single directory. (This
is necessary because yacc's output file name is fixed, and a parallel
make could conceivably invoke more than one instance of `yacc'
simultaneously.)
For `yacc', simply managing locking is insufficient. The output of
`yacc' always uses the same symbol names internally, so it isn't
possible to link two `yacc' parsers into the same executable.
We recommend using the following renaming hack used in `gdb':
#define yymaxdepth c_maxdepth
#define yyparse c_parse
#define yylex c_lex
#define yyerror c_error
#define yylval c_lval
#define yychar c_char
#define yydebug c_debug
#define yypact c_pact
#define yyr1 c_r1
#define yyr2 c_r2
#define yydef c_def
#define yychk c_chk
#define yypgo c_pgo
#define yyact c_act
#define yyexca c_exca
#define yyerrflag c_errflag
#define yynerrs c_nerrs
#define yyps c_ps
#define yypv c_pv
#define yys c_s
#define yy_yys c_yys
#define yystate c_state
#define yytmp c_tmp
#define yyv c_v
#define yy_yyv c_yyv
#define yyval c_val
#define yylloc c_lloc
#define yyreds c_reds
#define yytoks c_toks
#define yylhs c_yylhs
#define yylen c_yylen
#define yydefred c_yydefred
#define yydgoto c_yydgoto
#define yysindex c_yysindex
#define yyrindex c_yyrindex
#define yygindex c_yygindex
#define yytable c_yytable
#define yycheck c_yycheck
#define yyname c_yyname
#define yyrule c_yyrule
For each define, replace the `c_' prefix with whatever you like.
These defines work for `bison', `byacc', and traditional `yacc's. If
you find a parser generator that uses a symbol not covered here, please
report the new name so it can be added to the list.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: C++ Support, Next: Objective C Support, Prev: Yacc and Lex, Up: Programs
8.9 C++ Support
===============
Automake includes full support for C++.
Any package including C++ code must define the output variable `CXX'
in `configure.ac'; the simplest way to do this is to use the
`AC_PROG_CXX' macro (*note Particular Program Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Programs.).
A few additional variables are defined when a C++ source file is
seen:
`CXX'
The name of the C++ compiler.
`CXXFLAGS'
Any flags to pass to the C++ compiler.
`AM_CXXFLAGS'
The maintainer's variant of `CXXFLAGS'.
`CXXCOMPILE'
The command used to actually compile a C++ source file. The file
name is appended to form the complete command line.
`CXXLINK'
The command used to actually link a C++ program.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Objective C Support, Next: Unified Parallel C Support, Prev: C++ Support, Up: Programs
8.10 Objective C Support
========================
Automake includes some support for Objective C.
Any package including Objective C code must define the output
variable `OBJC' in `configure.ac'; the simplest way to do this is to use
the `AC_PROG_OBJC' macro (*note Particular Program Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Programs.).
A few additional variables are defined when an Objective C source
file is seen:
`OBJC'
The name of the Objective C compiler.
`OBJCFLAGS'
Any flags to pass to the Objective C compiler.
`AM_OBJCFLAGS'
The maintainer's variant of `OBJCFLAGS'.
`OBJCCOMPILE'
The command used to actually compile a Objective C source file.
The file name is appended to form the complete command line.
`OBJCLINK'
The command used to actually link a Objective C program.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Unified Parallel C Support, Next: Assembly Support, Prev: Objective C Support, Up: Programs
8.11 Unified Parallel C Support
===============================
Automake includes some support for Unified Parallel C.
Any package including Unified Parallel C code must define the output
variable `UPC' in `configure.ac'; the simplest way to do this is to use
the `AM_PROG_UPC' macro (*note Public macros::).
A few additional variables are defined when an Unified Parallel C
source file is seen:
`UPC'
The name of the Unified Parallel C compiler.
`UPCFLAGS'
Any flags to pass to the Unified Parallel C compiler.
`AM_UPCFLAGS'
The maintainer's variant of `UPCFLAGS'.
`UPCCOMPILE'
The command used to actually compile a Unified Parallel C source
file. The file name is appended to form the complete command line.
`UPCLINK'
The command used to actually link a Unified Parallel C program.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Assembly Support, Next: Fortran 77 Support, Prev: Unified Parallel C Support, Up: Programs
8.12 Assembly Support
=====================
Automake includes some support for assembly code. There are two forms
of assembler files: normal (`*.s') and preprocessed by `CPP' (`*.S' or
`*.sx').
The variable `CCAS' holds the name of the compiler used to build
assembly code. This compiler must work a bit like a C compiler; in
particular it must accept `-c' and `-o'. The values of `CCASFLAGS' and
`AM_CCASFLAGS' (or its per-target definition) is passed to the
compilation. For preprocessed files, `DEFS', `DEFAULT_INCLUDES',
`INCLUDES', `CPPFLAGS' and `AM_CPPFLAGS' are also used.
The autoconf macro `AM_PROG_AS' will define `CCAS' and `CCASFLAGS'
for you (unless they are already set, it simply sets `CCAS' to the C
compiler and `CCASFLAGS' to the C compiler flags), but you are free to
define these variables by other means.
Only the suffixes `.s', `.S', and `.sx' are recognized by `automake'
as being files containing assembly code.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Fortran 77 Support, Next: Fortran 9x Support, Prev: Assembly Support, Up: Programs
8.13 Fortran 77 Support
=======================
Automake includes full support for Fortran 77.
Any package including Fortran 77 code must define the output variable
`F77' in `configure.ac'; the simplest way to do this is to use the
`AC_PROG_F77' macro (*note Particular Program Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Programs.).
A few additional variables are defined when a Fortran 77 source file
is seen:
`F77'
The name of the Fortran 77 compiler.
`FFLAGS'
Any flags to pass to the Fortran 77 compiler.
`AM_FFLAGS'
The maintainer's variant of `FFLAGS'.
`RFLAGS'
Any flags to pass to the Ratfor compiler.
`AM_RFLAGS'
The maintainer's variant of `RFLAGS'.
`F77COMPILE'
The command used to actually compile a Fortran 77 source file.
The file name is appended to form the complete command line.
`FLINK'
The command used to actually link a pure Fortran 77 program or
shared library.
Automake can handle preprocessing Fortran 77 and Ratfor source files
in addition to compiling them(1). Automake also contains some support
for creating programs and shared libraries that are a mixture of
Fortran 77 and other languages (*note Mixing Fortran 77 With C and
C++::).
These issues are covered in the following sections.
* Menu:
* Preprocessing Fortran 77:: Preprocessing Fortran 77 sources
* Compiling Fortran 77 Files:: Compiling Fortran 77 sources
* Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++:: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) Much, if not most, of the information in the following sections
pertaining to preprocessing Fortran 77 programs was taken almost
verbatim from *Note Catalogue of Rules: (make)Catalogue of Rules.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Preprocessing Fortran 77, Next: Compiling Fortran 77 Files, Up: Fortran 77 Support
8.13.1 Preprocessing Fortran 77
-------------------------------
`N.f' is made automatically from `N.F' or `N.r'. This rule runs just
the preprocessor to convert a preprocessable Fortran 77 or Ratfor
source file into a strict Fortran 77 source file. The precise command
used is as follows:
`.F'
`$(F77) -F $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)
$(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)'
`.r'
`$(F77) -F $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) $(AM_RFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)'
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Compiling Fortran 77 Files, Next: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++, Prev: Preprocessing Fortran 77, Up: Fortran 77 Support
8.13.2 Compiling Fortran 77 Files
---------------------------------
`N.o' is made automatically from `N.f', `N.F' or `N.r' by running the
Fortran 77 compiler. The precise command used is as follows:
`.f'
`$(F77) -c $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)'
`.F'
`$(F77) -c $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)
$(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)'
`.r'
`$(F77) -c $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) $(AM_RFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)'
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++, Prev: Compiling Fortran 77 Files, Up: Fortran 77 Support
8.13.3 Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++
---------------------------------------
Automake currently provides _limited_ support for creating programs and
shared libraries that are a mixture of Fortran 77 and C and/or C++.
However, there are many other issues related to mixing Fortran 77 with
other languages that are _not_ (currently) handled by Automake, but
that are handled by other packages(1).
Automake can help in two ways:
1. Automatic selection of the linker depending on which combinations
of source code.
2. Automatic selection of the appropriate linker flags (e.g., `-L' and
`-l') to pass to the automatically selected linker in order to link
in the appropriate Fortran 77 intrinsic and run-time libraries.
These extra Fortran 77 linker flags are supplied in the output
variable `FLIBS' by the `AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' Autoconf macro
supplied with newer versions of Autoconf (Autoconf version 2.13 and
later). *Note Fortran 77 Compiler Characteristics:
(autoconf)Fortran 77 Compiler Characteristics.
If Automake detects that a program or shared library (as mentioned in
some `_PROGRAMS' or `_LTLIBRARIES' primary) contains source code that
is a mixture of Fortran 77 and C and/or C++, then it requires that the
macro `AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' be called in `configure.ac', and that
either `$(FLIBS)' appear in the appropriate `_LDADD' (for programs) or
`_LIBADD' (for shared libraries) variables. It is the responsibility
of the person writing the `Makefile.am' to make sure that `$(FLIBS)'
appears in the appropriate `_LDADD' or `_LIBADD' variable.
For example, consider the following `Makefile.am':
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = main.cc foo.f
foo_LDADD = libfoo.la $(FLIBS)
pkglib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES = bar.f baz.c zardoz.cc
libfoo_la_LIBADD = $(FLIBS)
In this case, Automake will insist that `AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' is
mentioned in `configure.ac'. Also, if `$(FLIBS)' hadn't been mentioned
in `foo_LDADD' and `libfoo_la_LIBADD', then Automake would have issued
a warning.
* Menu:
* How the Linker is Chosen:: Automatic linker selection
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) For example, the cfortran package
(http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran/) addresses all of these
inter-language issues, and runs under nearly all Fortran 77, C and C++
compilers on nearly all platforms. However, `cfortran' is not yet Free
Software, but it will be in the next major release.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: How the Linker is Chosen, Up: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++
8.13.3.1 How the Linker is Chosen
.................................
When a program or library mixes several languages, Automake choose the
linker according to the following priorities. (The names in
parentheses are the variables containing the link command.)
1. Native Java (`GCJLINK')
2. C++ (`CXXLINK')
3. Fortran 77 (`F77LINK')
4. Fortran (`FCLINK')
5. Objective C (`OBJCLINK')
6. Unified Parallel C (`UPCLINK')
7. C (`LINK')
For example, if Fortran 77, C and C++ source code is compiled into a
program, then the C++ linker will be used. In this case, if the C or
Fortran 77 linkers required any special libraries that weren't included
by the C++ linker, then they must be manually added to an `_LDADD' or
`_LIBADD' variable by the user writing the `Makefile.am'.
Automake only looks at the file names listed in `_SOURCES' variables
to choose the linker, and defaults to the C linker. Sometimes this is
inconvenient because you are linking against a library written in
another language and would like to set the linker more appropriately.
*Note Libtool Convenience Libraries::, for a trick with
`nodist_EXTRA_..._SOURCES'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Fortran 9x Support, Next: Java Support, Prev: Fortran 77 Support, Up: Programs
8.14 Fortran 9x Support
=======================
Automake includes full support for Fortran 9x.
Any package including Fortran 9x code must define the output variable
`FC' in `configure.ac'; the simplest way to do this is to use the
`AC_PROG_FC' macro (*note Particular Program Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Programs.).
A few additional variables are defined when a Fortran 9x source file
is seen:
`FC'
The name of the Fortran 9x compiler.
`FCFLAGS'
Any flags to pass to the Fortran 9x compiler.
`AM_FCFLAGS'
The maintainer's variant of `FCFLAGS'.
`FCCOMPILE'
The command used to actually compile a Fortran 9x source file.
The file name is appended to form the complete command line.
`FCLINK'
The command used to actually link a pure Fortran 9x program or
shared library.
* Menu:
* Compiling Fortran 9x Files:: Compiling Fortran 9x sources
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Compiling Fortran 9x Files, Up: Fortran 9x Support
8.14.1 Compiling Fortran 9x Files
---------------------------------
`N.o' is made automatically from `N.f90' or `N.f95' by running the
Fortran 9x compiler. The precise command used is as follows:
`.f9x'
`$(FC) -c $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS)'
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Java Support, Next: Support for Other Languages, Prev: Fortran 9x Support, Up: Programs
8.15 Java Support
=================
Automake includes support for compiled Java, using `gcj', the Java
front end to the GNU Compiler Collection.
Any package including Java code to be compiled must define the output
variable `GCJ' in `configure.ac'; the variable `GCJFLAGS' must also be
defined somehow (either in `configure.ac' or `Makefile.am'). The
simplest way to do this is to use the `AM_PROG_GCJ' macro.
By default, programs including Java source files are linked with
`gcj'.
As always, the contents of `AM_GCJFLAGS' are passed to every
compilation invoking `gcj' (in its role as an ahead-of-time compiler,
when invoking it to create `.class' files, `AM_JAVACFLAGS' is used
instead). If it is necessary to pass options to `gcj' from
`Makefile.am', this variable, and not the user variable `GCJFLAGS',
should be used.
`gcj' can be used to compile `.java', `.class', `.zip', or `.jar'
files.
When linking, `gcj' requires that the main class be specified using
the `--main=' option. The easiest way to do this is to use the
`_LDFLAGS' variable for the program.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Support for Other Languages, Next: ANSI, Prev: Java Support, Up: Programs
8.16 Support for Other Languages
================================
Automake currently only includes full support for C, C++ (*note C++
Support::), Objective C (*note Objective C Support::), Fortran 77
(*note Fortran 77 Support::), Fortran 9x (*note Fortran 9x Support::),
and Java (*note Java Support::). There is only rudimentary support for
other languages, support for which will be improved based on user
demand.
Some limited support for adding your own languages is available via
the suffix rule handling (*note Suffixes::).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: ANSI, Next: Dependencies, Prev: Support for Other Languages, Up: Programs
8.17 Automatic de-ANSI-fication
===============================
The features described in this section are obsolete; you should not
used any of them in new code, and they may be withdrawn in future
Automake releases.
When the C language was standardized in 1989, there was a long
transition period where package developers needed to worry about
porting to older systems that did not support ANSI C by default. These
older systems are no longer in practical use and are no longer
supported by their original suppliers, so developers need not worry
about this problem any more.
Automake allows you to write packages that are portable to K&R C by
"de-ANSI-fying" each source file before the actual compilation takes
place.
If the `Makefile.am' variable `AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' (*note Options::)
contains the option `ansi2knr' then code to handle de-ANSI-fication is
inserted into the generated `Makefile.in'.
This causes each C source file in the directory to be treated as
ANSI C. If an ANSI C compiler is available, it is used. If no ANSI C
compiler is available, the `ansi2knr' program is used to convert the
source files into K&R C, which is then compiled.
The `ansi2knr' program is simple-minded. It assumes the source code
will be formatted in a particular way; see the `ansi2knr' man page for
details.
Support for the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature requires the
source files `ansi2knr.c' and `ansi2knr.1' to be in the same package as
the ANSI C source; these files are distributed with Automake. Also,
the package `configure.ac' must call the macro `AM_C_PROTOTYPES' (*note
Macros::).
Automake also handles finding the `ansi2knr' support files in some
other directory in the current package. This is done by prepending the
relative path to the appropriate directory to the `ansi2knr' option.
For instance, suppose the package has ANSI C code in the `src' and
`lib' subdirectories. The files `ansi2knr.c' and `ansi2knr.1' appear
in `lib'. Then this could appear in `src/Makefile.am':
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = ../lib/ansi2knr
If no directory prefix is given, the files are assumed to be in the
current directory.
Note that automatic de-ANSI-fication will not work when the package
is being built for a different host architecture. That is because
automake currently has no way to build `ansi2knr' for the build machine.
Using `LIBOBJS' with source de-ANSI-fication used to require
hand-crafted code in `configure' to append `$U' to basenames in
`LIBOBJS'. This is no longer true today. Starting with version 2.54,
Autoconf takes care of rewriting `LIBOBJS' and `LTLIBOBJS'. (*note
`AC_LIBOBJ' vs. `LIBOBJS': (autoconf)AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS.)
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Dependencies, Next: EXEEXT, Prev: ANSI, Up: Programs
8.18 Automatic dependency tracking
==================================
As a developer it is often painful to continually update the
`Makefile.in' whenever the include-file dependencies change in a
project. Automake supplies a way to automatically track dependency
changes (*note Dependency Tracking::).
Automake always uses complete dependencies for a compilation,
including system headers. Automake's model is that dependency
computation should be a side effect of the build. To this end,
dependencies are computed by running all compilations through a special
wrapper program called `depcomp'. `depcomp' understands how to coax
many different C and C++ compilers into generating dependency
information in the format it requires. `automake -a' will install
`depcomp' into your source tree for you. If `depcomp' can't figure out
how to properly invoke your compiler, dependency tracking will simply
be disabled for your build.
Experience with earlier versions of Automake (*note Dependency
Tracking Evolution::) taught us that it is not reliable to generate
dependencies only on the maintainer's system, as configurations vary
too much. So instead Automake implements dependency tracking at build
time.
Automatic dependency tracking can be suppressed by putting
`no-dependencies' in the variable `AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS', or passing
`no-dependencies' as an argument to `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' (this should be
the preferred way). Or, you can invoke `automake' with the `-i'
option. Dependency tracking is enabled by default.
The person building your package also can choose to disable
dependency tracking by configuring with `--disable-dependency-tracking'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: EXEEXT, Prev: Dependencies, Up: Programs
8.19 Support for executable extensions
======================================
On some platforms, such as Windows, executables are expected to have an
extension such as `.exe'. On these platforms, some compilers (GCC
among them) will automatically generate `foo.exe' when asked to
generate `foo'.
Automake provides mostly-transparent support for this. Unfortunately
_mostly_ doesn't yet mean _fully_. Until the English dictionary is
revised, you will have to assist Automake if your package must support
those platforms.
One thing you must be aware of is that, internally, Automake rewrites
something like this:
bin_PROGRAMS = liver
to this:
bin_PROGRAMS = liver$(EXEEXT)
The targets Automake generates are likewise given the `$(EXEEXT)'
extension.
The variables `TESTS', `XFAIL_TESTS' (*note Tests::) are also
rewritten if it contains filenames that have been declared as programs
in the same `Makefile'. (This is mostly useful when some programs from
`check_PROGRAMS' are listed in `TESTS'.)
However, Automake cannot apply this rewriting to `configure'
substitutions. This means that if you are conditionally building a
program using such a substitution, then your `configure.ac' must take
care to add `$(EXEEXT)' when constructing the output variable.
With Autoconf 2.13 and earlier, you must explicitly use `AC_EXEEXT'
to get this support. With Autoconf 2.50, `AC_EXEEXT' is run
automatically if you configure a compiler (say, through `AC_PROG_CC').
Sometimes maintainers like to write an explicit link rule for their
program. Without executable extension support, this is easy--you
simply write a rule whose target is the name of the program. However,
when executable extension support is enabled, you must instead add the
`$(EXEEXT)' suffix.
Unfortunately, due to the change in Autoconf 2.50, this means you
must always add this extension. However, this is a problem for
maintainers who know their package will never run on a platform that has
executable extensions. For those maintainers, the `no-exeext' option
(*note Options::) will disable this feature. This works in a fairly
ugly way; if `no-exeext' is seen, then the presence of a rule for a
target named `foo' in `Makefile.am' will override an automake-generated
rule for `foo$(EXEEXT)'. Without the `no-exeext' option, this use will
give a diagnostic.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Other objects, Next: Other GNU Tools, Prev: Programs, Up: Top
9 Other Derived Objects
***********************
Automake can handle derived objects that are not C programs. Sometimes
the support for actually building such objects must be explicitly
supplied, but Automake will still automatically handle installation and
distribution.
* Menu:
* Scripts:: Executable scripts
* Headers:: Header files
* Data:: Architecture-independent data files
* Sources:: Derived sources
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Scripts, Next: Headers, Up: Other objects
9.1 Executable Scripts
======================
It is possible to define and install programs that are scripts. Such
programs are listed using the `SCRIPTS' primary name. When the script
is distributed in its final, installable form, the `Makefile' usually
looks as follows:
# Install my_script in $(bindir) and distribute it.
dist_bin_SCRIPTS = my_script
Script are not distributed by default; as we have just seen, those
that should be distributed can be specified using a `dist_' prefix as
with other primaries.
Scripts can be installed in `bindir', `sbindir', `libexecdir', or
`pkgdatadir'.
Scripts that need not being installed can be listed in
`noinst_SCRIPTS', and among them, those which are needed only by `make
check' should go in `check_SCRIPTS'.
When a script needs to be built, the `Makefile.am' should include
the appropriate rules. For instance the `automake' program itself is a
Perl script that is generated from `automake.in'. Here is how this is
handled:
bin_SCRIPTS = automake
CLEANFILES = $(bin_SCRIPTS)
EXTRA_DIST = automake.in
do_subst = sed -e 's,[@]datadir[@],$(datadir),g' \
-e 's,[@]PERL[@],$(PERL),g' \
-e 's,[@]PACKAGE[@],$(PACKAGE),g' \
-e 's,[@]VERSION[@],$(VERSION),g' \
...
automake: automake.in Makefile
$(do_subst) < $(srcdir)/automake.in > automake
chmod +x automake
Such scripts for which a build rule has been supplied need to be
deleted explicitly using `CLEANFILES' (*note Clean::), and their
sources have to be distributed, usually with `EXTRA_DIST' (*note
Dist::).
Another common way to build scripts is to process them from
`configure' with `AC_CONFIG_FILES'. In this situation Automake knows
which files should be cleaned and distributed, and what the rebuild
rules should look like.
For instance if `configure.ac' contains
AC_CONFIG_FILES([src/my_script], [chmod +x src/my_script])
to build `src/my_script' from `src/my_script.in', then an
`src/Makefile.am' to install this script in `$(bindir)' can be as
simple as
bin_SCRIPTS = my_script
CLEANFILES = $(bin_SCRIPTS)
There is no need for `EXTRA_DIST' or any build rule: Automake infers
them from `AC_CONFIG_FILES' (*note Requirements::). `CLEANFILES' is
still useful, because by default Automake will clean targets of
`AC_CONFIG_FILES' in `distclean', not `clean'.
Although this looks simpler, building scripts this way has one
drawback: directory variables such as `$(datadir)' are not fully
expanded and may refer to other directory variables.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Headers, Next: Data, Prev: Scripts, Up: Other objects
9.2 Header files
================
Header files that must be installed are specified by the `HEADERS'
family of variables. Headers can be installed in `includedir',
`oldincludedir', `pkgincludedir' or any other directory you may have
defined (*note Uniform::). For instance,
include_HEADERS = foo.h bar/bar.h
will install the two files as `$(includedir)/foo.h' and
`$(includedir)/bar.h'.
The `nobase_' prefix is also supported,
nobase_include_HEADERS = foo.h bar/bar.h
will install the two files as `$(includedir)/foo.h' and
`$(includedir)/bar/bar.h' (*note Alternative::).
Usually, only header files that accompany installed libraries need to
be installed. Headers used by programs or convenience libraries are
not installed. The `noinst_HEADERS' variable can be used for such
headers. However when the header actually belongs to one convenient
library or program, we recommend listing it in the program's or
library's `_SOURCES' variable (*note Program Sources::) instead of in
`noinst_HEADERS'. This is clearer for the `Makefile.am' reader.
`noinst_HEADERS' would be the right variable to use in a directory
containing only headers and no associated library or program.
All header files must be listed somewhere; in a `_SOURCES' variable
or in a `_HEADERS' variable. Missing ones will not appear in the
distribution.
For header files that are built and must not be distributed, use the
`nodist_' prefix as in `nodist_include_HEADERS' or
`nodist_prog_SOURCES'. If these generated headers are needed during
the build, you must also ensure they exist before they are used (*note
Sources::).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Data, Next: Sources, Prev: Headers, Up: Other objects
9.3 Architecture-independent data files
=======================================
Automake supports the installation of miscellaneous data files using the
`DATA' family of variables.
Such data can be installed in the directories `datadir',
`sysconfdir', `sharedstatedir', `localstatedir', or `pkgdatadir'.
By default, data files are _not_ included in a distribution. Of
course, you can use the `dist_' prefix to change this on a per-variable
basis.
Here is how Automake declares its auxiliary data files:
dist_pkgdata_DATA = clean-kr.am clean.am ...
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Sources, Prev: Data, Up: Other objects
9.4 Built sources
=================
Because Automake's automatic dependency tracking works as a side-effect
of compilation (*note Dependencies::) there is a bootstrap issue: a
target should not be compiled before its dependencies are made, but
these dependencies are unknown until the target is first compiled.
Ordinarily this is not a problem, because dependencies are
distributed sources: they preexist and do not need to be built.
Suppose that `foo.c' includes `foo.h'. When it first compiles `foo.o',
`make' only knows that `foo.o' depends on `foo.c'. As a side-effect of
this compilation `depcomp' records the `foo.h' dependency so that
following invocations of `make' will honor it. In these conditions,
it's clear there is no problem: either `foo.o' doesn't exist and has to
be built (regardless of the dependencies), or accurate dependencies
exist and they can be used to decide whether `foo.o' should be rebuilt.
It's a different story if `foo.h' doesn't exist by the first `make'
run. For instance, there might be a rule to build `foo.h'. This time
`file.o''s build will fail because the compiler can't find `foo.h'.
`make' failed to trigger the rule to build `foo.h' first by lack of
dependency information.
The `BUILT_SOURCES' variable is a workaround for this problem. A
source file listed in `BUILT_SOURCES' is made on `make all' or `make
check' (or even `make install') before other targets are processed.
However, such a source file is not _compiled_ unless explicitly
requested by mentioning it in some other `_SOURCES' variable.
So, to conclude our introductory example, we could use
`BUILT_SOURCES = foo.h' to ensure `foo.h' gets built before any other
target (including `foo.o') during `make all' or `make check'.
`BUILT_SOURCES' is actually a bit of a misnomer, as any file which
must be created early in the build process can be listed in this
variable. Moreover, all built sources do not necessarily have to be
listed in `BUILT_SOURCES'. For instance, a generated `.c' file doesn't
need to appear in `BUILT_SOURCES' (unless it is included by another
source), because it's a known dependency of the associated object.
It might be important to emphasize that `BUILT_SOURCES' is honored
only by `make all', `make check' and `make install'. This means you
cannot build a specific target (e.g., `make foo') in a clean tree if it
depends on a built source. However it will succeed if you have run
`make all' earlier, because accurate dependencies are already available.
The next section illustrates and discusses the handling of built
sources on a toy example.
* Menu:
* Built sources example:: Several ways to handle built sources.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Built sources example, Up: Sources
9.4.1 Built sources example
---------------------------
Suppose that `foo.c' includes `bindir.h', which is
installation-dependent and not distributed: it needs to be built. Here
`bindir.h' defines the preprocessor macro `bindir' to the value of the
`make' variable `bindir' (inherited from `configure').
We suggest several implementations below. It's not meant to be an
exhaustive listing of all ways to handle built sources, but it will give
you a few ideas if you encounter this issue.
First try
---------
This first implementation will illustrate the bootstrap issue mentioned
in the previous section (*note Sources::).
Here is a tentative `Makefile.am'.
# This won't work.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@
This setup doesn't work, because Automake doesn't know that `foo.c'
includes `bindir.h'. Remember, automatic dependency tracking works as
a side-effect of compilation, so the dependencies of `foo.o' will be
known only after `foo.o' has been compiled (*note Dependencies::). The
symptom is as follows.
% make
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
foo.c:2: bindir.h: No such file or directory
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
In this example `bindir.h' is not distributed nor installed, and it
is not even being built on-time. One may wonder if the
`nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h' line has any use at all. This line
simply states that `bindir.h' is a source of `foo', so for instance, it
should be inspected while generating tags (*note Tags::). In other
words, it does not help our present problem, and the build would fail
identically without it.
Using `BUILT_SOURCES'
---------------------
A solution is to require `bindir.h' to be built before anything else.
This is what `BUILT_SOURCES' is meant for (*note Sources::).
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
BUILT_SOURCES = bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@
See how `bindir.h' get built first:
% make
echo '#define bindir "/usr/local/bin"' >bindir.h
make all-am
make[1]: Entering directory `/home/adl/tmp'
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
gcc -g -O2 -o foo foo.o
make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/adl/tmp'
However, as said earlier, `BUILT_SOURCES' applies only to the `all',
`check', and `install' targets. It still fails if you try to run `make
foo' explicitly:
% make clean
test -z "bindir.h" || rm -f bindir.h
test -z "foo" || rm -f foo
rm -f *.o
% : > .deps/foo.Po # Suppress previously recorded dependencies
% make foo
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
foo.c:2: bindir.h: No such file or directory
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Recording dependencies manually
-------------------------------
Usually people are happy enough with `BUILT_SOURCES' because they never
build targets such as `make foo' before `make all', as in the previous
example. However if this matters to you, you can avoid `BUILT_SOURCES'
and record such dependencies explicitly in the `Makefile.am'.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
foo.$(OBJEXT): bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@
You don't have to list _all_ the dependencies of `foo.o' explicitly,
only those that might need to be built. If a dependency already
exists, it will not hinder the first compilation and will be recorded
by the normal dependency tracking code. (Note that after this first
compilation the dependency tracking code will also have recorded the
dependency between `foo.o' and `bindir.h'; so our explicit dependency
is really useful to the first build only.)
Adding explicit dependencies like this can be a bit dangerous if you
are not careful enough. This is due to the way Automake tries not to
overwrite your rules (it assumes you know better than it).
`foo.$(OBJEXT): bindir.h' supersedes any rule Automake may want to
output to build `foo.$(OBJEXT)'. It happens to work in this case
because Automake doesn't have to output any `foo.$(OBJEXT):' target: it
relies on a suffix rule instead (i.e., `.c.$(OBJEXT):'). Always check
the generated `Makefile.in' if you do this.
Build `bindir.h' from `configure'
---------------------------------
It's possible to define this preprocessor macro from `configure',
either in `config.h' (*note Defining Directories: (autoconf)Defining
Directories.), or by processing a `bindir.h.in' file using
`AC_CONFIG_FILES' (*note Configuration Actions: (autoconf)Configuration
Actions.).
At this point it should be clear that building `bindir.h' from
`configure' work well for this example. `bindir.h' will exist before
you build any target, hence will not cause any dependency issue.
The Makefile can be shrunk as follows. We do not even have to
mention `bindir.h'.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
However, it's not always possible to build sources from `configure',
especially when these sources are generated by a tool that needs to be
built first...
Build `bindir.c', not `bindir.h'.
---------------------------------
Another attractive idea is to define `bindir' as a variable or function
exported from `bindir.o', and build `bindir.c' instead of `bindir.h'.
noinst_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c bindir.h
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.c
CLEANFILES = bindir.c
bindir.c: Makefile
echo 'const char bindir[] = "$(bindir)";' >$@
`bindir.h' contains just the variable's declaration and doesn't need
to be built, so it won't cause any trouble. `bindir.o' is always
dependent on `bindir.c', so `bindir.c' will get built first.
Which is best?
--------------
There is no panacea, of course. Each solution has its merits and
drawbacks.
You cannot use `BUILT_SOURCES' if the ability to run `make foo' on a
clean tree is important to you.
You won't add explicit dependencies if you are leery of overriding
an Automake rule by mistake.
Building files from `./configure' is not always possible, neither is
converting `.h' files into `.c' files.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Other GNU Tools, Next: Documentation, Prev: Other objects, Up: Top
10 Other GNU Tools
******************
Since Automake is primarily intended to generate `Makefile.in's for use
in GNU programs, it tries hard to interoperate with other GNU tools.
* Menu:
* Emacs Lisp:: Emacs Lisp
* gettext:: Gettext
* Libtool:: Libtool
* Java:: Java
* Python:: Python
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Emacs Lisp, Next: gettext, Up: Other GNU Tools
10.1 Emacs Lisp
===============
Automake provides some support for Emacs Lisp. The `LISP' primary is
used to hold a list of `.el' files. Possible prefixes for this primary
are `lisp_' and `noinst_'. Note that if `lisp_LISP' is defined, then
`configure.ac' must run `AM_PATH_LISPDIR' (*note Macros::).
Lisp sources are not distributed by default. You can prefix the
`LISP' primary with `dist_', as in `dist_lisp_LISP' or
`dist_noinst_LISP', to indicate that these files should be distributed.
Automake will byte-compile all Emacs Lisp source files using the
Emacs found by `AM_PATH_LISPDIR', if any was found.
Byte-compiled Emacs Lisp files are not portable among all versions of
Emacs, so it makes sense to turn this off if you expect sites to have
more than one version of Emacs installed. Furthermore, many packages
don't actually benefit from byte-compilation. Still, we recommend that
you byte-compile your Emacs Lisp sources. It is probably better for
sites with strange setups to cope for themselves than to make the
installation less nice for everybody else.
There are two ways to avoid byte-compiling. Historically, we have
recommended the following construct.
lisp_LISP = file1.el file2.el
ELCFILES =
`ELCFILES' is an internal Automake variable that normally lists all
`.elc' files that must be byte-compiled. Automake defines `ELCFILES'
automatically from `lisp_LISP'. Emptying this variable explicitly
prevents byte-compilation to occur.
Since Automake 1.8, we now recommend using `lisp_DATA' instead. As
in
lisp_DATA = file1.el file2.el
Note that these two constructs are not equivalent. `_LISP' will not
install a file if Emacs is not installed, while `_DATA' will always
install its files.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: gettext, Next: Libtool, Prev: Emacs Lisp, Up: Other GNU Tools
10.2 Gettext
============
If `AM_GNU_GETTEXT' is seen in `configure.ac', then Automake turns on
support for GNU gettext, a message catalog system for
internationalization (*note Introduction: (gettext)Top.).
The `gettext' support in Automake requires the addition of one or
two subdirectories to the package, `po' and possibly also `intl'. The
latter is needed if `AM_GNU_GETTEXT' is not invoked with the `external'
argument, or if `AM_GNU_GETTEXT_INTL_SUBDIR' is used. Automake ensures
that these directories exist and are mentioned in `SUBDIRS'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Libtool, Next: Java, Prev: gettext, Up: Other GNU Tools
10.3 Libtool
============
Automake provides support for GNU Libtool (*note Introduction:
(libtool)Top.) with the `LTLIBRARIES' primary. *Note A Shared
Library::.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Java, Next: Python, Prev: Libtool, Up: Other GNU Tools
10.4 Java
=========
Automake provides some minimal support for Java compilation with the
`JAVA' primary.
Any `.java' files listed in a `_JAVA' variable will be compiled with
`JAVAC' at build time. By default, `.java' files are not included in
the distribution, you should use the `dist_' prefix to distribute them.
Here is a typical setup for distributing `.java' files and
installing the `.class' files resulting from their compilation.
javadir = $(datadir)/java
dist_java_JAVA = a.java b.java ...
Currently Automake enforces the restriction that only one `_JAVA'
primary can be used in a given `Makefile.am'. The reason for this
restriction is that, in general, it isn't possible to know which
`.class' files were generated from which `.java' files, so it would be
impossible to know which files to install where. For instance, a
`.java' file can define multiple classes; the resulting `.class' file
names cannot be predicted without parsing the `.java' file.
There are a few variables that are used when compiling Java sources:
`JAVAC'
The name of the Java compiler. This defaults to `javac'.
`JAVACFLAGS'
The flags to pass to the compiler. This is considered to be a user
variable (*note User Variables::).
`AM_JAVACFLAGS'
More flags to pass to the Java compiler. This, and not
`JAVACFLAGS', should be used when it is necessary to put Java
compiler flags into `Makefile.am'.
`JAVAROOT'
The value of this variable is passed to the `-d' option to
`javac'. It defaults to `$(top_builddir)'.
`CLASSPATH_ENV'
This variable is an `sh' expression that is used to set the
`CLASSPATH' environment variable on the `javac' command line. (In
the future we will probably handle class path setting differently.)
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Python, Prev: Java, Up: Other GNU Tools
10.5 Python
===========
Automake provides support for Python compilation with the `PYTHON'
primary. A typical setup is to call `AM_PATH_PYTHON' in `configure.ac'
and use a line like the following in `Makefile.am':
python_PYTHON = tree.py leave.py
Any files listed in a `_PYTHON' variable will be byte-compiled with
`py-compile' at install time. `py-compile' actually creates both
standard (`.pyc') and optimized (`.pyo') byte-compiled versions of the
source files. Note that because byte-compilation occurs at install
time, any files listed in `noinst_PYTHON' will not be compiled. Python
source files are included in the distribution by default, prepend
`nodist_' (as in `nodist_python_PYTHON') to omit them.
Automake ships with an Autoconf macro called `AM_PATH_PYTHON' that
will determine some Python-related directory variables (see below). If
you have called `AM_PATH_PYTHON' from `configure.ac', then you may use
the variables `python_PYTHON' or `pkgpython_PYTHON' to list Python
source files in your `Makefile.am', depending where you want your files
installed (see the definitions of `pythondir' and `pkgpythondir' below).
-- Macro: AM_PATH_PYTHON ([VERSION], [ACTION-IF-FOUND],
[ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
Search for a Python interpreter on the system. This macro takes
three optional arguments. The first argument, if present, is the
minimum version of Python required for this package:
`AM_PATH_PYTHON' will skip any Python interpreter that is older
than VERSION. If an interpreter is found and satisfies VERSION,
then ACTION-IF-FOUND is run. Otherwise, ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is
run.
If ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is not specified, as in the following
example, the default is to abort `configure'.
AM_PATH_PYTHON([2.2])
This is fine when Python is an absolute requirement for the
package. If Python >= 2.2 was only _optional_ to the package,
`AM_PATH_PYTHON' could be called as follows.
AM_PATH_PYTHON([2.2],, [:])
`AM_PATH_PYTHON' creates the following output variables based on
the Python installation found during configuration.
`PYTHON'
The name of the Python executable, or `:' if no suitable
interpreter could be found.
Assuming ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is used (otherwise `./configure' will
abort if Python is absent), the value of `PYTHON' can be used to
setup a conditional in order to disable the relevant part of a
build as follows.
AM_PATH_PYTHON(,, [:])
AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_PYTHON], [test "$PYTHON" != :])
`PYTHON_VERSION'
The Python version number, in the form MAJOR.MINOR (e.g., `1.5').
This is currently the value of `sys.version[:3]'.
`PYTHON_PREFIX'
The string `${prefix}'. This term may be used in future work that
needs the contents of Python's `sys.prefix', but general consensus
is to always use the value from configure.
`PYTHON_EXEC_PREFIX'
The string `${exec_prefix}'. This term may be used in future work
that needs the contents of Python's `sys.exec_prefix', but general
consensus is to always use the value from configure.
`PYTHON_PLATFORM'
The canonical name used by Python to describe the operating
system, as given by `sys.platform'. This value is sometimes
needed when building Python extensions.
`pythondir'
The directory name for the `site-packages' subdirectory of the
standard Python install tree.
`pkgpythondir'
This is the directory under `pythondir' that is named after the
package. That is, it is `$(pythondir)/$(PACKAGE)'. It is provided
as a convenience.
`pyexecdir'
This is the directory where Python extension modules (shared
libraries) should be installed. An extension module written in C
could be declared as follows to Automake:
pyexec_LTLIBRARIES = quaternion.la
quaternion_SOURCES = quaternion.c support.c support.h
quaternion_la_LDFLAGS = -avoid-version -module
`pkgpyexecdir'
This is a convenience variable that is defined as
`$(pyexecdir)/$(PACKAGE)'.
All these directory variables have values that start with either
`${prefix}' or `${exec_prefix}' unexpanded. This works fine in
`Makefiles', but it makes these variables hard to use in `configure'.
This is mandated by the GNU coding standards, so that the user can run
`make prefix=/foo install'. The Autoconf manual has a section with
more details on this topic (*note Installation Directory Variables:
(autoconf)Installation Directory Variables.). See also *Note
Hard-Coded Install Paths::.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Documentation, Next: Install, Prev: Other GNU Tools, Up: Top
11 Building documentation
*************************
Currently Automake provides support for Texinfo and man pages.
* Menu:
* Texinfo:: Texinfo
* Man pages:: Man pages
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Texinfo, Next: Man pages, Up: Documentation
11.1 Texinfo
============
If the current directory contains Texinfo source, you must declare it
with the `TEXINFOS' primary. Generally Texinfo files are converted
into info, and thus the `info_TEXINFOS' variable is most commonly used
here. Any Texinfo source file must end in the `.texi', `.txi', or
`.texinfo' extension. We recommend `.texi' for new manuals.
Automake generates rules to build `.info', `.dvi', `.ps', `.pdf' and
`.html' files from your Texinfo sources. Following the GNU Coding
Standards, only the `.info' files are built by `make all' and installed
by `make install' (unless you use `no-installinfo', see below).
Furthermore, `.info' files are automatically distributed so that
Texinfo is not a prerequisite for installing your package.
Other documentation formats can be built on request by `make dvi',
`make ps', `make pdf' and `make html', and they can be installed with
`make install-dvi', `make install-ps', `make install-pdf' and `make
install-html' explicitly. `make uninstall' will remove everything: the
Texinfo documentation installed by default as well as all the above
optional formats.
All these targets can be extended using `-local' rules (*note
Extending::).
If the `.texi' file `@include's `version.texi', then that file will
be automatically generated. The file `version.texi' defines four
Texinfo flag you can reference using `@value{EDITION}',
`@value{VERSION}', `@value{UPDATED}', and `@value{UPDATED-MONTH}'.
`EDITION'
`VERSION'
Both of these flags hold the version number of your program. They
are kept separate for clarity.
`UPDATED'
This holds the date the primary `.texi' file was last modified.
`UPDATED-MONTH'
This holds the name of the month in which the primary `.texi' file
was last modified.
The `version.texi' support requires the `mdate-sh' script; this
script is supplied with Automake and automatically included when
`automake' is invoked with the `--add-missing' option.
If you have multiple Texinfo files, and you want to use the
`version.texi' feature, then you have to have a separate version file
for each Texinfo file. Automake will treat any include in a Texinfo
file that matches `vers*.texi' just as an automatically generated
version file.
Sometimes an info file actually depends on more than one `.texi'
file. For instance, in GNU Hello, `hello.texi' includes the file
`gpl.texi'. You can tell Automake about these dependencies using the
`TEXI_TEXINFOS' variable. Here is how GNU Hello does it:
info_TEXINFOS = hello.texi
hello_TEXINFOS = gpl.texi
By default, Automake requires the file `texinfo.tex' to appear in
the same directory as the `Makefile.am' file that lists the `.texi'
files. If you used `AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' in `configure.ac' (*note
Finding `configure' Input: (autoconf)Input.), then `texinfo.tex' is
looked for there. In both cases, automake then supplies `texinfo.tex'
if `--add-missing' is given, and takes care of its distribution.
However, if you set the `TEXINFO_TEX' variable (see below), it
overrides the location of the file and turns off its installation into
the source as well as its distribution.
The option `no-texinfo.tex' can be used to eliminate the requirement
for the file `texinfo.tex'. Use of the variable `TEXINFO_TEX' is
preferable, however, because that allows the `dvi', `ps', and `pdf'
targets to still work.
Automake generates an `install-info' rule; some people apparently
use this. By default, info pages are installed by `make install', so
running `make install-info' is pointless. This can be prevented via
the `no-installinfo' option. In this case, `.info' files are not
installed by default, and user must request this explicitly using `make
install-info'
The following variables are used by the Texinfo build rules.
`MAKEINFO'
The name of the program invoked to build `.info' files. This
variable is defined by Automake. If the `makeinfo' program is
found on the system then it will be used by default; otherwise
`missing' will be used instead.
`MAKEINFOHTML'
The command invoked to build `.html' files. Automake defines this
to `$(MAKEINFO) --html'.
`MAKEINFOFLAGS'
User flags passed to each invocation of `$(MAKEINFO)' and
`$(MAKEINFOHTML)'. This user variable (*note User Variables::) is
not expected to be defined in any `Makefile'; it can be used by
users to pass extra flags to suit their needs.
`AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS'
`AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS'
Maintainer flags passed to each `makeinfo' invocation. Unlike
`MAKEINFOFLAGS', these variables are meant to be defined by
maintainers in `Makefile.am'. `$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)' is passed to
`makeinfo' when building `.info' files; and
`$(AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS)' is used when building `.html' files.
For instance, the following setting can be used to obtain one
single `.html' file per manual, without node separators.
AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS = --no-headers --no-split
`AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS' defaults to `$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)'. This
means that defining `AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS' without defining
`AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS' will impact builds of both `.info' and
`.html' files.
`TEXI2DVI'
The name of the command that converts a `.texi' file into a `.dvi'
file. This defaults to `texi2dvi', a script that ships with the
Texinfo package.
`TEXI2PDF'
The name of the command that translates a `.texi' file into a
`.pdf' file. This defaults to `$(TEXI2DVI) --pdf --batch'.
`DVIPS'
The name of the command that build a `.ps' file out of a `.dvi'
file. This defaults to `dvips'.
`TEXINFO_TEX'
If your package has Texinfo files in many directories, you can use
the variable `TEXINFO_TEX' to tell Automake where to find the
canonical `texinfo.tex' for your package. The value of this
variable should be the relative path from the current
`Makefile.am' to `texinfo.tex':
TEXINFO_TEX = ../doc/texinfo.tex
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Man pages, Prev: Texinfo, Up: Documentation
11.2 Man pages
==============
A package can also include man pages (but see the GNU standards on this
matter, *Note Man Pages: (standards)Man Pages.) Man pages are declared
using the `MANS' primary. Generally the `man_MANS' variable is used.
Man pages are automatically installed in the correct subdirectory of
`mandir', based on the file extension.
File extensions such as `.1c' are handled by looking for the valid
part of the extension and using that to determine the correct
subdirectory of `mandir'. Valid section names are the digits `0'
through `9', and the letters `l' and `n'.
Sometimes developers prefer to name a man page something like
`foo.man' in the source, and then rename it to have the correct suffix,
for example `foo.1', when installing the file. Automake also supports
this mode. For a valid section named SECTION, there is a corresponding
directory named `manSECTIONdir', and a corresponding `_MANS' variable.
Files listed in such a variable are installed in the indicated section.
If the file already has a valid suffix, then it is installed as-is;
otherwise the file suffix is changed to match the section.
For instance, consider this example:
man1_MANS = rename.man thesame.1 alsothesame.1c
In this case, `rename.man' will be renamed to `rename.1' when
installed, but the other files will keep their names.
By default, man pages are installed by `make install'. However,
since the GNU project does not require man pages, many maintainers do
not expend effort to keep the man pages up to date. In these cases, the
`no-installman' option will prevent the man pages from being installed
by default. The user can still explicitly install them via `make
install-man'.
Man pages are not currently considered to be source, because it is
not uncommon for man pages to be automatically generated. Therefore
they are not automatically included in the distribution. However, this
can be changed by use of the `dist_' prefix. For instance here is how
to distribute and install the two man pages of GNU `cpio' (which
includes both Texinfo documentation and man pages):
dist_man_MANS = cpio.1 mt.1
The `nobase_' prefix is meaningless for man pages and is disallowed.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Install, Next: Clean, Prev: Documentation, Up: Top
12 What Gets Installed
**********************
12.1 Basics of installation
===========================
Naturally, Automake handles the details of actually installing your
program once it has been built. All files named by the various
primaries are automatically installed in the appropriate places when the
user runs `make install'.
A file named in a primary is installed by copying the built file into
the appropriate directory. The base name of the file is used when
installing.
bin_PROGRAMS = hello subdir/goodbye
In this example, both `hello' and `goodbye' will be installed in
`$(bindir)'.
Sometimes it is useful to avoid the basename step at install time.
For instance, you might have a number of header files in subdirectories
of the source tree that are laid out precisely how you want to install
them. In this situation you can use the `nobase_' prefix to suppress
the base name step. For example:
nobase_include_HEADERS = stdio.h sys/types.h
Will install `stdio.h' in `$(includedir)' and `types.h' in
`$(includedir)/sys'.
12.2 The two parts of install
=============================
Automake generates separate `install-data' and `install-exec' rules, in
case the installer is installing on multiple machines that share
directory structure--these targets allow the machine-independent parts
to be installed only once. `install-exec' installs platform-dependent
files, and `install-data' installs platform-independent files. The
`install' target depends on both of these targets. While Automake
tries to automatically segregate objects into the correct category, the
`Makefile.am' author is, in the end, responsible for making sure this
is done correctly.
Variables using the standard directory prefixes `data', `info',
`man', `include', `oldinclude', `pkgdata', or `pkginclude' are
installed by `install-data'.
Variables using the standard directory prefixes `bin', `sbin',
`libexec', `sysconf', `localstate', `lib', or `pkglib' are installed by
`install-exec'.
For instance, `data_DATA' files are installed by `install-data',
while `bin_PROGRAMS' files are installed by `install-exec'.
Any variable using a user-defined directory prefix with `exec' in
the name (e.g., `myexecbin_PROGRAMS') is installed by `install-exec'.
All other user-defined prefixes are installed by `install-data'.
12.3 Extending installation
===========================
It is possible to extend this mechanism by defining an
`install-exec-local' or `install-data-local' rule. If these rules
exist, they will be run at `make install' time. These rules can do
almost anything; care is required.
Automake also supports two install hooks, `install-exec-hook' and
`install-data-hook'. These hooks are run after all other install rules
of the appropriate type, exec or data, have completed. So, for
instance, it is possible to perform post-installation modifications
using an install hook. *Note Extending:: gives some examples.
12.4 Staged installs
====================
Automake generates support for the `DESTDIR' variable in all install
rules. `DESTDIR' is used during the `make install' step to relocate
install objects into a staging area. Each object and path is prefixed
with the value of `DESTDIR' before being copied into the install area.
Here is an example of typical DESTDIR usage:
mkdir /tmp/staging &&
make DESTDIR=/tmp/staging install
The `mkdir' command avoids a security problem if the attacker
creates a symbolic link from `/tmp/staging' to a victim area; then
`make' places install objects in a directory tree built under
`/tmp/staging'. If `/gnu/bin/foo' and `/gnu/share/aclocal/foo.m4' are
to be installed, the above command would install
`/tmp/staging/gnu/bin/foo' and `/tmp/staging/gnu/share/aclocal/foo.m4'.
This feature is commonly used to build install images and packages
(*note DESTDIR::).
Support for `DESTDIR' is implemented by coding it directly into the
install rules. If your `Makefile.am' uses a local install rule (e.g.,
`install-exec-local') or an install hook, then you must write that code
to respect `DESTDIR'.
*Note Makefile Conventions: (standards)Makefile Conventions, for
another usage example.
12.5 Rules for the user
=======================
Automake also generates rules for targets `uninstall', `installdirs',
and `install-strip'.
Automake supports `uninstall-local' and `uninstall-hook'. There is
no notion of separate uninstalls for "exec" and "data", as these
features would not provide additional functionality.
Note that `uninstall' is not meant as a replacement for a real
packaging tool.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Clean, Next: Dist, Prev: Install, Up: Top
13 What Gets Cleaned
********************
The GNU Makefile Standards specify a number of different clean rules.
*Note Standard Targets for Users: (standards)Standard Targets.
Generally the files that can be cleaned are determined automatically
by Automake. Of course, Automake also recognizes some variables that
can be defined to specify additional files to clean. These variables
are `MOSTLYCLEANFILES', `CLEANFILES', `DISTCLEANFILES', and
`MAINTAINERCLEANFILES'.
When cleaning involves more than deleting some hard-coded list of
files, it is also possible to supplement the cleaning rules with your
own commands. Simply define a rule for any of the `mostlyclean-local',
`clean-local', `distclean-local', or `maintainer-clean-local' targets
(*note Extending::). A common case is deleting a directory, for
instance, a directory created by the test suite:
clean-local:
-rm -rf testSubDir
As the GNU Standards aren't always explicit as to which files should
be removed by which rule, we've adopted a heuristic that we believe was
first formulated by Franc,ois Pinard:
* If `make' built it, and it is commonly something that one would
want to rebuild (for instance, a `.o' file), then `mostlyclean'
should delete it.
* Otherwise, if `make' built it, then `clean' should delete it.
* If `configure' built it, then `distclean' should delete it.
* If the maintainer built it (for instance, a `.info' file), then
`maintainer-clean' should delete it. However `maintainer-clean'
should not delete anything that needs to exist in order to run
`./configure && make'.
We recommend that you follow this same set of heuristics in your
`Makefile.am'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Dist, Next: Tests, Prev: Clean, Up: Top
14 What Goes in a Distribution
******************************
14.1 Basics of distribution
===========================
The `dist' rule in the generated `Makefile.in' can be used to generate
a gzipped `tar' file and other flavors of archive for distribution.
The files is named based on the `PACKAGE' and `VERSION' variables
defined by `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' (*note Macros::); more precisely the
gzipped `tar' file is named `PACKAGE-VERSION.tar.gz'. You can use the
`make' variable `GZIP_ENV' to control how gzip is run. The default
setting is `--best'.
For the most part, the files to distribute are automatically found by
Automake: all source files are automatically included in a distribution,
as are all `Makefile.am's and `Makefile.in's. Automake also has a
built-in list of commonly used files that are automatically included if
they are found in the current directory (either physically, or as the
target of a `Makefile.am' rule). This list is printed by `automake
--help'. Also, files that are read by `configure' (i.e. the source
files corresponding to the files specified in various Autoconf macros
such as `AC_CONFIG_FILES' and siblings) are automatically distributed.
Files included in `Makefile.am's (using `include') or in `configure.ac'
(using `m4_include'), and helper scripts installed with `automake
--add-missing' are also distributed.
Still, sometimes there are files that must be distributed, but which
are not covered in the automatic rules. These files should be listed in
the `EXTRA_DIST' variable. You can mention files from subdirectories
in `EXTRA_DIST'.
You can also mention a directory in `EXTRA_DIST'; in this case the
entire directory will be recursively copied into the distribution.
Please note that this will also copy _everything_ in the directory,
including CVS/RCS version control files. We recommend against using
this feature.
If you define `SUBDIRS', Automake will recursively include the
subdirectories in the distribution. If `SUBDIRS' is defined
conditionally (*note Conditionals::), Automake will normally include
all directories that could possibly appear in `SUBDIRS' in the
distribution. If you need to specify the set of directories
conditionally, you can set the variable `DIST_SUBDIRS' to the exact
list of subdirectories to include in the distribution (*note
Conditional Subdirectories::).
14.2 Fine-grained distribution control
======================================
Sometimes you need tighter control over what does _not_ go into the
distribution; for instance, you might have source files that are
generated and that you do not want to distribute. In this case
Automake gives fine-grained control using the `dist' and `nodist'
prefixes. Any primary or `_SOURCES' variable can be prefixed with
`dist_' to add the listed files to the distribution. Similarly,
`nodist_' can be used to omit the files from the distribution.
As an example, here is how you would cause some data to be
distributed while leaving some source code out of the distribution:
dist_data_DATA = distribute-this
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
nodist_foo_SOURCES = do-not-distribute.c
14.3 The dist hook
==================
Occasionally it is useful to be able to change the distribution before
it is packaged up. If the `dist-hook' rule exists, it is run after the
distribution directory is filled, but before the actual tar (or shar)
file is created. One way to use this is for distributing files in
subdirectories for which a new `Makefile.am' is overkill:
dist-hook:
mkdir $(distdir)/random
cp -p $(srcdir)/random/a1 $(srcdir)/random/a2 $(distdir)/random
Another way to use this is for removing unnecessary files that get
recursively included by specifying a directory in EXTRA_DIST:
EXTRA_DIST = doc
dist-hook:
rm -rf `find $(distdir)/doc -name CVS`
Two variables that come handy when writing `dist-hook' rules are
`$(distdir)' and `$(top_distdir)'.
`$(distdir)' points to the directory where the `dist' rule will copy
files from the current directory before creating the tarball. If you
are at the top-level directory, then `distdir = $(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)'.
When used from subdirectory named `foo/', then `distdir =
../$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)/foo'. `$(distdir)' can be a relative or
absolute path, do not assume any form.
`$(top_distdir)' always points to the root directory of the
distributed tree. At the top-level it's equal to `$(distdir)'. In the
`foo/' subdirectory `top_distdir = ../$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)'.
`$(top_distdir)' too can be a relative or absolute path.
Note that when packages are nested using `AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS' (*note
Subpackages::), then `$(distdir)' and `$(top_distdir)' are relative to
the package where `make dist' was run, not to any sub-packages involved.
14.4 Checking the distribution
==============================
Automake also generates a `distcheck' rule that can be of help to
ensure that a given distribution will actually work. `distcheck' makes
a distribution, then tries to do a `VPATH' build (*note VPATH
Builds::), run the test suite, and finally make another tarball to
ensure the distribution is self-contained.
Building the package involves running `./configure'. If you need to
supply additional flags to `configure', define them in the
`DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS' variable, either in your top-level
`Makefile.am', or on the command line when invoking `make'.
If the `distcheck-hook' rule is defined in your top-level
`Makefile.am', then it will be invoked by `distcheck' after the new
distribution has been unpacked, but before the unpacked copy is
configured and built. Your `distcheck-hook' can do almost anything,
though as always caution is advised. Generally this hook is used to
check for potential distribution errors not caught by the standard
mechanism. Note that `distcheck-hook' as well as
`DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS' are not honored in a subpackage
`Makefile.am', but the `DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS' are passed down to
the `configure' script of the subpackage.
Speaking of potential distribution errors, `distcheck' also ensures
that the `distclean' rule actually removes all built files. This is
done by running `make distcleancheck' at the end of the `VPATH' build.
By default, `distcleancheck' will run `distclean' and then make sure
the build tree has been emptied by running
`$(distcleancheck_listfiles)'. Usually this check will find generated
files that you forgot to add to the `DISTCLEANFILES' variable (*note
Clean::).
The `distcleancheck' behavior should be OK for most packages,
otherwise you have the possibility to override the definition of either
the `distcleancheck' rule, or the `$(distcleancheck_listfiles)'
variable. For instance, to disable `distcleancheck' completely, add
the following rule to your top-level `Makefile.am':
distcleancheck:
@:
If you want `distcleancheck' to ignore built files that have not
been cleaned because they are also part of the distribution, add the
following definition instead:
distcleancheck_listfiles = \
find -type f -exec sh -c 'test -f $(srcdir)/{} || echo {}' ';'
The above definition is not the default because it's usually an
error if your Makefiles cause some distributed files to be rebuilt when
the user build the package. (Think about the user missing the tool
required to build the file; or if the required tool is built by your
package, consider the cross-compilation case where it can't be run.)
There is a FAQ entry about this (*note distcleancheck::), make sure you
read it before playing with `distcleancheck_listfiles'.
`distcheck' also checks that the `uninstall' rule works properly,
both for ordinary and `DESTDIR' builds. It does this by invoking `make
uninstall', and then it checks the install tree to see if any files are
left over. This check will make sure that you correctly coded your
`uninstall'-related rules.
By default, the checking is done by the `distuninstallcheck' rule,
and the list of files in the install tree is generated by
`$(distuninstallcheck_listfiles') (this is a variable whose value is a
shell command to run that prints the list of files to stdout).
Either of these can be overridden to modify the behavior of
`distcheck'. For instance, to disable this check completely, you would
write:
distuninstallcheck:
@:
14.5 The types of distributions
===============================
Automake generates rules to provide archives of the project for
distributions in various formats. Their targets are:
`dist-bzip2'
Generate a bzip2 tar archive of the distribution. bzip2 archives
are frequently smaller than gzipped archives.
`dist-gzip'
Generate a gzip tar archive of the distribution.
`dist-lzma'
Generate a lzma tar archive of the distribution. lzma archives are
frequently smaller than `bzip2'-compressed archives.
`dist-shar'
Generate a shar archive of the distribution.
`dist-zip'
Generate a zip archive of the distribution.
`dist-tarZ'
Generate a compressed tar archive of the distribution.
The rule `dist' (and its historical synonym `dist-all') will create
archives in all the enabled formats, *Note Options::. By default, only
the `dist-gzip' target is hooked to `dist'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Tests, Next: Rebuilding, Prev: Dist, Up: Top
15 Support for test suites
**************************
Automake supports two forms of test suites.
15.1 Simple Tests
=================
If the variable `TESTS' is defined, its value is taken to be a list of
programs or scripts to run in order to do the testing. Programs
needing data files should look for them in `srcdir' (which is both an
environment variable and a make variable) so they work when building in
a separate directory (*note Build Directories: (autoconf)Build
Directories.), and in particular for the `distcheck' rule (*note
Dist::).
The number of failures will be printed at the end of the run. If a
given test program exits with a status of 77, then its result is ignored
in the final count. This feature allows non-portable tests to be
ignored in environments where they don't make sense.
The variable `TESTS_ENVIRONMENT' can be used to set environment
variables for the test run; the environment variable `srcdir' is set in
the rule. If all your test programs are scripts, you can also set
`TESTS_ENVIRONMENT' to an invocation of the shell (e.g. `$(SHELL) -x'
can be useful for debugging the tests), or any other interpreter. For
instance the following setup is used by the Automake package to run
four tests in Perl.
TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = $(PERL) -Mstrict -I $(top_srcdir)/lib -w
TESTS = Condition.pl DisjConditions.pl Version.pl Wrap.pl
You may define the variable `XFAIL_TESTS' to a list of tests
(usually a subset of `TESTS') that are expected to fail. This will
reverse the result of those tests.
Automake ensures that each file listed in `TESTS' is built before
any tests are run; you can list both source and derived programs (or
scripts) in `TESTS'; the generated rule will look both in `srcdir' and
`.'. For instance, you might want to run a C program as a test. To do
this you would list its name in `TESTS' and also in `check_PROGRAMS',
and then specify it as you would any other program.
Programs listed in `check_PROGRAMS' (and `check_LIBRARIES',
`check_LTLIBRARIES'...) are only built during `make check', not during
`make all'. You should list there any program needed by your tests
that does not need to be built by `make all'. Note that
`check_PROGRAMS' are _not_ automatically added to `TESTS' because
`check_PROGRAMS' usually lists programs used by the tests, not the
tests themselves. Of course you can set `TESTS = $(check_PROGRAMS)' if
all your programs are test cases.
15.2 DejaGnu Tests
==================
If `dejagnu' (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/) appears in
`AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS', then a `dejagnu'-based test suite is assumed. The
variable `DEJATOOL' is a list of names that are passed, one at a time,
as the `--tool' argument to `runtest' invocations; it defaults to the
name of the package.
The variable `RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS' holds the `--tool' and `--srcdir'
flags that are passed to dejagnu by default; this can be overridden if
necessary.
The variables `EXPECT' and `RUNTEST' can also be overridden to
provide project-specific values. For instance, you will need to do
this if you are testing a compiler toolchain, because the default
values do not take into account host and target names.
The contents of the variable `RUNTESTFLAGS' are passed to the
`runtest' invocation. This is considered a "user variable" (*note User
Variables::). If you need to set `runtest' flags in `Makefile.am', you
can use `AM_RUNTESTFLAGS' instead.
Automake will generate rules to create a local `site.exp' file,
defining various variables detected by `configure'. This file is
automatically read by DejaGnu. It is OK for the user of a package to
edit this file in order to tune the test suite. However this is not
the place where the test suite author should define new variables: this
should be done elsewhere in the real test suite code. Especially,
`site.exp' should not be distributed.
For more information regarding DejaGnu test suites, see *Note Top:
(dejagnu)Top.
In either case, the testing is done via `make check'.
15.3 Install Tests
==================
The `installcheck' target is available to the user as a way to run any
tests after the package has been installed. You can add tests to this
by writing an `installcheck-local' rule.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Rebuilding, Next: Options, Prev: Tests, Up: Top
16 Rebuilding Makefiles
***********************
Automake generates rules to automatically rebuild `Makefile's,
`configure', and other derived files like `Makefile.in'.
If you are using `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' in `configure.ac', then these
automatic rebuilding rules are only enabled in maintainer mode.
Sometimes you need to run `aclocal' with an argument like `-I' to
tell it where to find `.m4' files. Since sometimes `make' will
automatically run `aclocal', you need a way to specify these arguments.
You can do this by defining `ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS'; this holds arguments
that are passed verbatim to `aclocal'. This variable is only useful in
the top-level `Makefile.am'.
Sometimes it is convenient to supplement the rebuild rules for
`configure' or `config.status' with additional dependencies. The
variables `CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES' and `CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES' can
be used to list these extra dependencies. These variable should be
defined in all `Makefile's of the tree (because these two rebuild rules
are output in all them), so it is safer and easier to `AC_SUBST' them
from `configure.ac'. For instance, the following statement will cause
`configure' to be rerun each time `version.sh' is changed.
AC_SUBST([CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES], ['$(top_srcdir)/version.sh'])
Note the `$(top_srcdir)/' in the file name. Since this variable is
to be used in all `Makefile's, its value must be sensible at any level
in the build hierarchy.
Beware not to mistake `CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES' for
`CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES'.
`CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES' adds dependencies to the `configure' rule,
whose effect is to run `autoconf'. This variable should be seldom
used, because `automake' already tracks `m4_include'd files. However
it can be useful when playing tricky games with `m4_esyscmd' or similar
non-recommendable macros with side effects.
`CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES' adds dependencies to the
`config.status' rule, whose effect is to run `configure'. This
variable should therefore carry any non-standard source that may be
read as a side effect of running configure, like `version.sh' in the
example above.
Speaking of `version.sh' scripts, we recommend against them today.
They are mainly used when the version of a package is updated
automatically by a script (e.g., in daily builds). Here is what some
old-style `configure.ac's may look like:
AC_INIT
. $srcdir/version.sh
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([name], $VERSION_NUMBER)
...
Here, `version.sh' is a shell fragment that sets `VERSION_NUMBER'.
The problem with this example is that `automake' cannot track
dependencies (listing `version.sh' in `CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES', and
distributing this file is up to the user), and that it uses the
obsolete form of `AC_INIT' and `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. Upgrading to the
new syntax is not straightforward, because shell variables are not
allowed in `AC_INIT''s arguments. We recommend that `version.sh' be
replaced by an M4 file that is included by `configure.ac':
m4_include([version.m4])
AC_INIT([name], VERSION_NUMBER)
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
...
Here `version.m4' could contain something like
`m4_define([VERSION_NUMBER], [1.2])'. The advantage of this second
form is that `automake' will take care of the dependencies when
defining the rebuild rule, and will also distribute the file
automatically. An inconvenience is that `autoconf' will now be rerun
each time the version number is bumped, when only `configure' had to be
rerun in the previous setup.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Options, Next: Miscellaneous, Prev: Rebuilding, Up: Top
17 Changing Automake's Behavior
*******************************
Various features of Automake can be controlled by options in the
`Makefile.am'. Such options are applied on a per-`Makefile' basis when
listed in a special `Makefile' variable named `AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS'. They
are applied globally to all processed `Makefiles' when listed in the
first argument of `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' in `configure.ac'. Currently
understood options are:
`gnits'
`gnu'
`foreign'
`cygnus'
Set the strictness as appropriate. The `gnits' option also
implies options `readme-alpha' and `check-news'.
`ansi2knr'
`PATH/ansi2knr'
Turn on the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature. *Note ANSI::. If
preceded by a path, the generated `Makefile.in' will look in the
specified directory to find the `ansi2knr' program. The path
should be a relative path to another directory in the same
distribution (Automake currently does not check this).
`check-news'
Cause `make dist' to fail unless the current version number appears
in the first few lines of the `NEWS' file.
`dejagnu'
Cause `dejagnu'-specific rules to be generated. *Note Tests::.
`dist-bzip2'
Hook `dist-bzip2' to `dist'.
`dist-lzma'
Hook `dist-lzma' to `dist'.
`dist-shar'
Hook `dist-shar' to `dist'.
`dist-zip'
Hook `dist-zip' to `dist'.
`dist-tarZ'
Hook `dist-tarZ' to `dist'.
`filename-length-max=99'
Abort if file names longer than 99 characters are found during
`make dist'. Such long file names are generally considered not to
be portable in tarballs. See the `tar-v7' and `tar-ustar' options
below. This option should be used in the top-level `Makefile.am'
or as an argument of `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' in `configure.ac', it will
be ignored otherwise. It will also be ignored in sub-packages of
nested packages (*note Subpackages::).
`no-define'
This options is meaningful only when passed as an argument to
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. It will prevent the `PACKAGE' and `VERSION'
variables to be `AC_DEFINE'd.
`no-dependencies'
This is similar to using `--ignore-deps' on the command line, but
is useful for those situations where you don't have the necessary
bits to make automatic dependency tracking work (*note
Dependencies::). In this case the effect is to effectively
disable automatic dependency tracking.
`no-dist'
Don't emit any code related to `dist' target. This is useful when
a package has its own method for making distributions.
`no-dist-gzip'
Do not hook `dist-gzip' to `dist'.
`no-exeext'
If your `Makefile.am' defines a rule for target `foo', it will
override a rule for a target named `foo$(EXEEXT)'. This is
necessary when `EXEEXT' is found to be empty. However, by default
automake will generate an error for this use. The `no-exeext'
option will disable this error. This is intended for use only
where it is known in advance that the package will not be ported
to Windows, or any other operating system using extensions on
executables.
`no-installinfo'
The generated `Makefile.in' will not cause info pages to be built
or installed by default. However, `info' and `install-info'
targets will still be available. This option is disallowed at
`gnu' strictness and above.
`no-installman'
The generated `Makefile.in' will not cause man pages to be
installed by default. However, an `install-man' target will still
be available for optional installation. This option is disallowed
at `gnu' strictness and above.
`nostdinc'
This option can be used to disable the standard `-I' options that
are ordinarily automatically provided by Automake.
`no-texinfo.tex'
Don't require `texinfo.tex', even if there are texinfo files in
this directory.
`readme-alpha'
If this release is an alpha release, and the file `README-alpha'
exists, then it will be added to the distribution. If this option
is given, version numbers are expected to follow one of two forms.
The first form is `MAJOR.MINOR.ALPHA', where each element is a
number; the final period and number should be left off for
non-alpha releases. The second form is `MAJOR.MINORALPHA', where
ALPHA is a letter; it should be omitted for non-alpha releases.
`std-options'
Make the `installcheck' rule check that installed scripts and
programs support the `--help' and `--version' options. This also
provides a basic check that the program's run-time dependencies
are satisfied after installation.
In a few situations, programs (or scripts) have to be exempted
from this test. For instance, `false' (from GNU sh-utils) is never
successful, even for `--help' or `--version'. You can list such
programs in the variable `AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT'.
Programs (not scripts) listed in this variable should be suffixed
by `$(EXEEXT)' for the sake of Win32 or OS/2. For instance,
suppose we build `false' as a program but `true.sh' as a script,
and that neither of them support `--help' or `--version':
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = std-options
bin_PROGRAMS = false ...
bin_SCRIPTS = true.sh ...
AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT = false$(EXEEXT) true.sh
`subdir-objects'
If this option is specified, then objects are placed into the
subdirectory of the build directory corresponding to the
subdirectory of the source file. For instance, if the source file
is `subdir/file.cxx', then the output file would be
`subdir/file.o'.
In order to use this option with C sources, you should add
`AM_PROG_CC_C_O' to `configure.ac'.
`tar-v7'
`tar-ustar'
`tar-pax'
These three mutually exclusive options select the tar format to use
when generating tarballs with `make dist'. (The tar file created
is then compressed according to the set of `no-dist-gzip',
`dist-bzip2', `dist-lzma' and `dist-tarZ' options in use.)
These options must be passed as argument to `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'
(*note Macros::) because they can require additional configure
checks. Automake will complain if it sees such options in an
`AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' variable.
`tar-v7' selects the old V7 tar format. This is the historical
default. This antiquated format is understood by all tar
implementations and supports file names with up to 99 characters.
When given longer file names some tar implementations will
diagnose the problem while other will generate broken tarballs or
use non-portable extensions. Furthermore, the V7 format cannot
store empty directories. When using this format, consider using
the `filename-length-max=99' option to catch file names too long.
`tar-ustar' selects the ustar format defined by POSIX 1003.1-1988.
This format is believed to be old enough to be portable. It
fully supports empty directories. It can store file names with up
to 256 characters, provided that the file name can be split at
directory separator in two parts, first of them being at most 155
bytes long. So, in most cases the maximum file name length will be
shorter than 256 characters. However you may run against broken
tar implementations that incorrectly handle file names longer than
99 characters (please report them to <bug-automake@gnu.org> so we
can document this accurately).
`tar-pax' selects the new pax interchange format defined by POSIX
1003.1-2001. It does not limit the length of file names. However,
this format is very young and should probably be restricted to
packages that target only very modern platforms. There are moves
to change the pax format in an upward-compatible way, so this
option may refer to a more recent version in the future.
*Note Controlling the Archive Format: (tar)Formats, for further
discussion about tar formats.
`configure' knows several ways to construct these formats. It
will not abort if it cannot find a tool up to the task (so that the
package can still be built), but `make dist' will fail.
VERSION
A version number (e.g., `0.30') can be specified. If Automake is
not newer than the version specified, creation of the `Makefile.in'
will be suppressed.
`-WCATEGORY' or `--warnings=CATEGORY'
These options behave exactly like their command-line counterpart
(*note Invoking Automake::). This allows you to enable or disable
some warning categories on a per-file basis. You can also setup
some warnings for your entire project; for instance, try
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall])' in your `configure.ac'.
Unrecognized options are diagnosed by `automake'.
If you want an option to apply to all the files in the tree, you can
use the `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' macro in `configure.ac'. *Note Macros::.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Miscellaneous, Next: Include, Prev: Options, Up: Top
18 Miscellaneous Rules
**********************
There are a few rules and variables that didn't fit anywhere else.
* Menu:
* Tags:: Interfacing to etags and mkid
* Suffixes:: Handling new file extensions
* Multilibs:: Support for multilibs.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Tags, Next: Suffixes, Up: Miscellaneous
18.1 Interfacing to `etags'
===========================
Automake will generate rules to generate `TAGS' files for use with GNU
Emacs under some circumstances.
If any C, C++ or Fortran 77 source code or headers are present, then
`tags' and `TAGS' rules will be generated for the directory. All files
listed using the `_SOURCES', `_HEADERS', and `_LISP' primaries will be
used to generate tags. Note that generated source files that are not
distributed must be declared in variables like `nodist_noinst_HEADERS'
or `nodist_PROG_SOURCES' or they will be ignored.
A `tags' rule will be output at the topmost directory of a
multi-directory package. When run from this topmost directory, `make
tags' will generate a `TAGS' file that includes by reference all `TAGS'
files from subdirectories.
The `tags' rule will also be generated if the variable `ETAGS_ARGS'
is defined. This variable is intended for use in directories that
contain taggable source that `etags' does not understand. The user can
use the `ETAGSFLAGS' to pass additional flags to `etags';
`AM_ETAGSFLAGS' is also available for use in `Makefile.am'.
Here is how Automake generates tags for its source, and for nodes in
its Texinfo file:
ETAGS_ARGS = automake.in --lang=none \
--regex='/^@node[ \t]+\([^,]+\)/\1/' automake.texi
If you add file names to `ETAGS_ARGS', you will probably also want
to define `TAGS_DEPENDENCIES'. The contents of this variable are added
directly to the dependencies for the `tags' rule.
Automake also generates a `ctags' rule that can be used to build
`vi'-style `tags' files. The variable `CTAGS' is the name of the
program to invoke (by default `ctags'); `CTAGSFLAGS' can be used by the
user to pass additional flags, and `AM_CTAGSFLAGS' can be used by the
`Makefile.am'.
Automake will also generate an `ID' rule that will run `mkid' on the
source. This is only supported on a directory-by-directory basis.
Finally, Automake also emit rules to support the GNU Global Tags
program (http://www.gnu.org/software/global/). The `GTAGS' rule runs
Global Tags and puts the result in the top build directory. The
variable `GTAGS_ARGS' holds arguments that are passed to `gtags'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Suffixes, Next: Multilibs, Prev: Tags, Up: Miscellaneous
18.2 Handling new file extensions
=================================
It is sometimes useful to introduce a new implicit rule to handle a file
type that Automake does not know about.
For instance, suppose you had a compiler that could compile `.foo'
files to `.o' files. You would simply define an suffix rule for your
language:
.foo.o:
foocc -c -o $@ $<
Then you could directly use a `.foo' file in a `_SOURCES' variable
and expect the correct results:
bin_PROGRAMS = doit
doit_SOURCES = doit.foo
This was the simpler and more common case. In other cases, you will
have to help Automake to figure which extensions you are defining your
suffix rule for. This usually happens when your extensions does not
start with a dot. Then, all you have to do is to put a list of new
suffixes in the `SUFFIXES' variable *before* you define your implicit
rule.
For instance, the following definition prevents Automake to
misinterpret `.idlC.cpp:' as an attempt to transform `.idlC' files into
`.cpp' files.
SUFFIXES = .idl C.cpp
.idlC.cpp:
# whatever
As you may have noted, the `SUFFIXES' variable behaves like the
`.SUFFIXES' special target of `make'. You should not touch `.SUFFIXES'
yourself, but use `SUFFIXES' instead and let Automake generate the
suffix list for `.SUFFIXES'. Any given `SUFFIXES' go at the start of
the generated suffixes list, followed by Automake generated suffixes
not already in the list.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Multilibs, Prev: Suffixes, Up: Miscellaneous
18.3 Support for Multilibs
==========================
Automake has support for an obscure feature called multilibs. A
"multilib" is a library that is built for multiple different ABIs at a
single time; each time the library is built with a different target
flag combination. This is only useful when the library is intended to
be cross-compiled, and it is almost exclusively used for compiler
support libraries.
The multilib support is still experimental. Only use it if you are
familiar with multilibs and can debug problems you might encounter.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Include, Next: Conditionals, Prev: Miscellaneous, Up: Top
19 Include
**********
Automake supports an `include' directive that can be used to include
other `Makefile' fragments when `automake' is run. Note that these
fragments are read and interpreted by `automake', not by `make'. As
with conditionals, `make' has no idea that `include' is in use.
There are two forms of `include':
`include $(srcdir)/file'
Include a fragment that is found relative to the current source
directory.
`include $(top_srcdir)/file'
Include a fragment that is found relative to the top source
directory.
Note that if a fragment is included inside a conditional, then the
condition applies to the entire contents of that fragment.
Makefile fragments included this way are always distributed because
they are needed to rebuild `Makefile.in'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Conditionals, Next: Gnits, Prev: Include, Up: Top
20 Conditionals
***************
Automake supports a simple type of conditionals.
Usage
=====
Before using a conditional, you must define it by using
`AM_CONDITIONAL' in the `configure.ac' file (*note Macros::).
-- Macro: AM_CONDITIONAL (CONDITIONAL, CONDITION)
The conditional name, CONDITIONAL, should be a simple string
starting with a letter and containing only letters, digits, and
underscores. It must be different from `TRUE' and `FALSE' that
are reserved by Automake.
The shell CONDITION (suitable for use in a shell `if' statement)
is evaluated when `configure' is run. Note that you must arrange
for _every_ `AM_CONDITIONAL' to be invoked every time `configure'
is run. If `AM_CONDITIONAL' is run conditionally (e.g., in a
shell `if' statement), then the result will confuse automake.
Conditionals typically depend upon options that the user provides to
the `configure' script. Here is an example of how to write a
conditional that is true if the user uses the `--enable-debug' option.
AC_ARG_ENABLE([debug],
[ --enable-debug Turn on debugging],
[case "${enableval}" in
yes) debug=true ;;
no) debug=false ;;
*) AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value ${enableval} for --enable-debug]) ;;
esac],[debug=false])
AM_CONDITIONAL([DEBUG], [test x$debug = xtrue])
Here is an example of how to use that conditional in `Makefile.am':
if DEBUG
DBG = debug
else
DBG =
endif
noinst_PROGRAMS = $(DBG)
This trivial example could also be handled using `EXTRA_PROGRAMS'
(*note Conditional Programs::).
You may only test a single variable in an `if' statement, possibly
negated using `!'. The `else' statement may be omitted. Conditionals
may be nested to any depth. You may specify an argument to `else' in
which case it must be the negation of the condition used for the
current `if'. Similarly you may specify the condition that is closed
by an `end':
if DEBUG
DBG = debug
else !DEBUG
DBG =
endif !DEBUG
Unbalanced conditions are errors.
The `else' branch of the above two examples could be omitted, since
assigning the empty string to an otherwise undefined variable makes no
difference.
Portability
===========
Note that conditionals in Automake are not the same as conditionals in
GNU Make. Automake conditionals are checked at configure time by the
`configure' script, and affect the translation from `Makefile.in' to
`Makefile'. They are based on options passed to `configure' and on
results that `configure' has discovered about the host system. GNU
Make conditionals are checked at `make' time, and are based on
variables passed to the make program or defined in the `Makefile'.
Automake conditionals will work with any make program.
Limits
======
Conditionals should enclose complete statements like variables or rules
definitions. Automake cannot deal with conditionals used inside a
variable definition, for instance, and is not even able to diagnose
this situation. The following example would not work:
# This syntax is not understood by Automake
AM_CPPFLAGS = \
-DFEATURE_A \
if WANT_DEBUG
-DDEBUG \
endif
-DFEATURE_B
However the intended definition of `AM_CPPFLAGS' can be achieved with
if WANT_DEBUG
DEBUGFLAGS = -DDEBUG
endif
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DFEATURE_A $(DEBUGFLAGS) -DFEATURE_B
or
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DFEATURE_A
if WANT_DEBUG
AM_CPPFLAGS += -DDEBUG
endif
AM_CPPFLAGS += -DFEATURE_B
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Gnits, Next: Cygnus, Prev: Conditionals, Up: Top
21 The effect of `--gnu' and `--gnits'
**************************************
The `--gnu' option (or `gnu' in the `AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' variable) causes
`automake' to check the following:
* The files `INSTALL', `NEWS', `README', `AUTHORS', and `ChangeLog',
plus one of `COPYING.LIB', `COPYING.LESSER' or `COPYING', are
required at the topmost directory of the package.
* The options `no-installman' and `no-installinfo' are prohibited.
Note that this option will be extended in the future to do even more
checking; it is advisable to be familiar with the precise requirements
of the GNU standards. Also, `--gnu' can require certain non-standard
GNU programs to exist for use by various maintainer-only rules; for
instance, in the future `pathchk' might be required for `make dist'.
The `--gnits' option does everything that `--gnu' does, and checks
the following as well:
* `make installcheck' will check to make sure that the `--help' and
`--version' really print a usage message and a version string,
respectively. This is the `std-options' option (*note Options::).
* `make dist' will check to make sure the `NEWS' file has been
updated to the current version.
* `VERSION' is checked to make sure its format complies with Gnits
standards.
* If `VERSION' indicates that this is an alpha release, and the file
`README-alpha' appears in the topmost directory of a package, then
it is included in the distribution. This is done in `--gnits'
mode, and no other, because this mode is the only one where version
number formats are constrained, and hence the only mode where
Automake can automatically determine whether `README-alpha' should
be included.
* The file `THANKS' is required.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Cygnus, Next: Not Enough, Prev: Gnits, Up: Top
22 The effect of `--cygnus'
***************************
Some packages, notably GNU GCC and GNU gdb, have a build environment
originally written at Cygnus Support (subsequently renamed Cygnus
Solutions, and then later purchased by Red Hat). Packages with this
ancestry are sometimes referred to as "Cygnus" trees.
A Cygnus tree has slightly different rules for how a `Makefile.in'
is to be constructed. Passing `--cygnus' to `automake' will cause any
generated `Makefile.in' to comply with Cygnus rules.
Here are the precise effects of `--cygnus':
* Info files are always created in the build directory, and not in
the source directory.
* `texinfo.tex' is not required if a Texinfo source file is
specified. The assumption is that the file will be supplied, but
in a place that Automake cannot find. This assumption is an
artifact of how Cygnus packages are typically bundled.
* `make dist' is not supported, and the rules for it are not
generated. Cygnus-style trees use their own distribution
mechanism.
* Certain tools will be searched for in the build tree as well as in
the user's `PATH'. These tools are `runtest', `expect',
`makeinfo' and `texi2dvi'.
* `--foreign' is implied.
* The options `no-installinfo' and `no-dependencies' are implied.
* The macros `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' and `AM_CYGWIN32' are required.
* The `check' target doesn't depend on `all'.
GNU maintainers are advised to use `gnu' strictness in preference to
the special Cygnus mode. Some day, perhaps, the differences between
Cygnus trees and GNU trees will disappear (for instance, as GCC is made
more standards compliant). At that time the special Cygnus mode will be
removed.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Not Enough, Next: Distributing, Prev: Cygnus, Up: Top
23 When Automake Isn't Enough
*****************************
In some situations, where Automake is not up to one task, one has to
resort to handwritten rules or even handwritten `Makefile's.
* Menu:
* Extending:: Adding new rules or overriding existing ones.
* Third-Party Makefiles:: Integrating Non-Automake `Makefile's.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Extending, Next: Third-Party Makefiles, Up: Not Enough
23.1 Extending Automake Rules
=============================
With some minor exceptions (like `_PROGRAMS' variables, `TESTS', or
`XFAIL_TESTS') being rewritten to append `$(EXEEXT)'), the contents of
a `Makefile.am' is copied to `Makefile.in' verbatim.
These copying semantics means that many problems can be worked around
by simply adding some `make' variables and rules to `Makefile.am'.
Automake will ignore these additions.
Since a `Makefile.in' is built from data gathered from three
different places (`Makefile.am', `configure.ac', and `automake'
itself), it is possible to have conflicting definitions of rules or
variables. When building `Makefile.in' the following priorities are
respected by `automake' to ensure the user always have the last word.
User defined variables in `Makefile.am' have priority over variables
`AC_SUBST'ed from `configure.ac', and `AC_SUBST'ed variables have
priority over `automake'-defined variables. As far rules are
concerned, a user-defined rule overrides any `automake'-defined rule
for the same target.
These overriding semantics make it possible to fine tune some default
settings of Automake, or replace some of its rules. Overriding
Automake rules is often inadvisable, particularly in the topmost
directory of a package with subdirectories. The `-Woverride' option
(*note Invoking Automake::) comes handy to catch overridden definitions.
Note that Automake does not make any difference between rules with
commands and rules that only specify dependencies. So it is not
possible to append new dependencies to an `automake'-defined target
without redefining the entire rule.
However, various useful targets have a `-local' version you can
specify in your `Makefile.am'. Automake will supplement the standard
target with these user-supplied targets.
The targets that support a local version are `all', `info', `dvi',
`ps', `pdf', `html', `check', `install-data', `install-dvi',
`install-exec', `install-html', `install-info', `install-pdf',
`install-ps', `uninstall', `installdirs', `installcheck' and the
various `clean' targets (`mostlyclean', `clean', `distclean', and
`maintainer-clean').
Note that there are no `uninstall-exec-local' or
`uninstall-data-local' targets; just use `uninstall-local'. It doesn't
make sense to uninstall just data or just executables.
For instance, here is one way to erase a subdirectory during `make
clean' (*note Clean::).
clean-local:
-rm -rf testSubDir
Older version of this manual used to show how to use
`install-data-local' to install a file to some hard-coded location, but
you should avoid this. (*note Hard-Coded Install Paths::)
Some rule also have a way to run another rule, called a "hook",
after their work is done. The hook is named after the principal target,
with `-hook' appended. The targets allowing hooks are `install-data',
`install-exec', `uninstall', `dist', and `distcheck'.
For instance, here is how to create a hard link to an installed
program:
install-exec-hook:
ln $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/program$(EXEEXT) \
$(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/proglink$(EXEEXT)
Although cheaper and more portable than symbolic links, hard links
will not work everywhere (for instance, OS/2 does not have `ln').
Ideally you should fall back to `cp -p' when `ln' does not work. An
easy way, if symbolic links are acceptable to you, is to add
`AC_PROG_LN_S' to `configure.ac' (*note Particular Program Checks:
(autoconf)Particular Programs.) and use `$(LN_S)' in `Makefile.am'.
For instance, here is how you could install a versioned copy of a
program using `$(LN_S)':
install-exec-hook:
cd $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) && \
mv -f prog$(EXEEXT) prog-$(VERSION)$(EXEEXT) && \
$(LN_S) prog-$(VERSION)$(EXEEXT) prog$(EXEEXT)
Note that we rename the program so that a new version will erase the
symbolic link, not the real binary. Also we `cd' into the destination
directory in order to create relative links.
When writing `install-exec-hook' or `install-data-hook', please bear
in mind that the exec/data distinction is based on the installation
directory, not on the primary used (*note Install::). So a
`foo_SCRIPTS' will be installed by `install-data', and a
`barexec_SCRIPTS' will be installed by `install-exec'. You should
define your hooks consequently.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Third-Party Makefiles, Prev: Extending, Up: Not Enough
23.2 Third-Party `Makefile's
============================
In most projects all `Makefile's are generated by Automake. In some
cases, however, projects need to embed subdirectories with handwritten
`Makefile's. For instance, one subdirectory could be a third-party
project with its own build system, not using Automake.
It is possible to list arbitrary directories in `SUBDIRS' or
`DIST_SUBDIRS' provided each of these directories has a `Makefile' that
recognizes all the following recursive targets.
When a user runs one of these targets, that target is run recursively
in all subdirectories. This is why it is important that even
third-party `Makefile's support them.
`all'
Compile the entire package. This is the default target in
Automake-generated `Makefile's, but it does not need to be the
default in third-party `Makefile's.
`distdir'
Copy files to distribute into `$(distdir)', before a tarball is
constructed. Of course this target is not required if the
`no-dist' option (*note Options::) is used.
The variables `$(top_distdir)' and `$(distdir)' (*note Dist::)
will be passed from the outer package to the subpackage when the
`distdir' target is invoked. These two variables have been
adjusted for the directory that is being recursed into, so they
are ready to use.
`install'
`install-data'
`install-exec'
`uninstall'
Install or uninstall files (*note Install::).
`install-dvi'
`install-html'
`install-info'
`install-ps'
`install-pdf'
Install only some specific documentation format (*note Texinfo::).
`installdirs'
Create install directories, but do not install any files.
`check'
`installcheck'
Check the package (*note Tests::).
`mostlyclean'
`clean'
`distclean'
`maintainer-clean'
Cleaning rules (*note Clean::).
`dvi'
`pdf'
`ps'
`info'
`html'
Build the documentation in various formats (*note Texinfo::).
`tags'
`ctags'
Build `TAGS' and `CTAGS' (*note Tags::).
If you have ever used Gettext in a project, this is a good example of
how third-party `Makefile's can be used with Automake. The `Makefile's
`gettextize' puts in the `po/' and `intl/' directories are handwritten
`Makefile's that implement all these targets. That way they can be
added to `SUBDIRS' in Automake packages.
Directories that are only listed in `DIST_SUBDIRS' but not in
`SUBDIRS' need only the `distclean', `maintainer-clean', and `distdir'
rules (*note Conditional Subdirectories::).
Usually, many of these rules are irrelevant to the third-party
subproject, but they are required for the whole package to work. It's
OK to have a rule that does nothing, so if you are integrating a
third-party project with no documentation or tag support, you could
simply augment its `Makefile' as follows:
EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS = dvi pdf ps info html tags ctags
.PHONY: $(EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS)
$(EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS):
Another aspect of integrating third-party build systems is whether
they support VPATH builds (*note VPATH Builds::). Obviously if the
subpackage does not support VPATH builds the whole package will not
support VPATH builds. This in turns means that `make distcheck' will
not work, because it relies on VPATH builds. Some people can live
without this (actually, many Automake users have never heard of `make
distcheck'). Other people may prefer to revamp the existing
`Makefile's to support VPATH. Doing so does not necessarily require
Automake, only Autoconf is needed (*note Build Directories:
(autoconf)Build Directories.). The necessary substitutions:
`@srcdir@', `@top_srcdir@', and `@top_builddir@' are defined by
`configure' when it processes a `Makefile' (*note Preset Output
Variables: (autoconf)Preset Output Variables.), they are not computed
by the Makefile like the aforementioned `$(distdir)' and
`$(top_distdir)' variables..
It is sometimes inconvenient to modify a third-party `Makefile' to
introduce the above required targets. For instance, one may want to
keep the third-party sources untouched to ease upgrades to new versions.
Here are two other ideas. If GNU make is assumed, one possibility is
to add to that subdirectory a `GNUmakefile' that defines the required
targets and include the third-party `Makefile'. For this to work in
VPATH builds, `GNUmakefile' must lie in the build directory; the
easiest way to do this is to write a `GNUmakefile.in' instead, and have
it processed with `AC_CONFIG_FILES' from the outer package. For
example if we assume `Makefile' defines all targets except the
documentation targets, and that the `check' target is actually called
`test', we could write `GNUmakefile' (or `GNUmakefile.in') like this:
# First, include the real Makefile
include Makefile
# Then, define the other targets needed by Automake Makefiles.
.PHONY: dvi pdf ps info html check
dvi pdf ps info html:
check: test
A similar idea that does not use `include' is to write a proxy
`Makefile' that dispatches rules to the real `Makefile', either with
`$(MAKE) -f Makefile.real $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) target' (if it's OK to rename
the original `Makefile') or with `cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS)
target' (if it's OK to store the subdirectory project one directory
deeper). The good news is that this proxy `Makefile' can be generated
with Automake. All we need are `-local' targets (*note Extending::)
that perform the dispatch. Of course the other Automake features are
available, so you could decide to let Automake perform distribution or
installation. Here is a possible `Makefile.am':
all-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) all
check-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) test
clean-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) clean
# Assuming the package knows how to install itself
install-data-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-data
install-exec-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec
uninstall-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) uninstall
# Distribute files from here.
EXTRA_DIST = subdir/Makefile subdir/program.c ...
Pushing this idea to the extreme, it is also possible to ignore the
subproject build system and build everything from this proxy
`Makefile.am'. This might sounds very sensible if you need VPATH
builds but the subproject does not support them.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Distributing, Next: API versioning, Prev: Not Enough, Up: Top
24 Distributing `Makefile.in's
******************************
Automake places no restrictions on the distribution of the resulting
`Makefile.in's. We still encourage software authors to distribute
their work under terms like those of the GPL, but doing so is not
required to use Automake.
Some of the files that can be automatically installed via the
`--add-missing' switch do fall under the GPL. However, these also have
a special exception allowing you to distribute them with your package,
regardless of the licensing you choose.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: API versioning, Next: Upgrading, Prev: Distributing, Up: Top
25 Automake API versioning
**************************
New Automake releases usually include bug fixes and new features.
Unfortunately they may also introduce new bugs and incompatibilities.
This makes four reasons why a package may require a particular Automake
version.
Things get worse when maintaining a large tree of packages, each one
requiring a different version of Automake. In the past, this meant that
any developer (and sometime users) had to install several versions of
Automake in different places, and switch `$PATH' appropriately for each
package.
Starting with version 1.6, Automake installs versioned binaries.
This means you can install several versions of Automake in the same
`$prefix', and can select an arbitrary Automake version by running
`automake-1.6' or `automake-1.7' without juggling with `$PATH'.
Furthermore, `Makefile''s generated by Automake 1.6 will use
`automake-1.6' explicitly in their rebuild rules.
The number `1.6' in `automake-1.6' is Automake's API version, not
Automake's version. If a bug fix release is made, for instance
Automake 1.6.1, the API version will remain 1.6. This means that a
package that works with Automake 1.6 should also work with 1.6.1; after
all, this is what people expect from bug fix releases.
If your package relies on a feature or a bug fix introduced in a
release, you can pass this version as an option to Automake to ensure
older releases will not be used. For instance, use this in your
`configure.ac':
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([1.6.1]) dnl Require Automake 1.6.1 or better.
or, in a particular `Makefile.am':
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = 1.6.1 # Require Automake 1.6.1 or better.
Automake will print an error message if its version is older than
the requested version.
What is in the API
==================
Automake's programming interface is not easy to define. Basically it
should include at least all *documented* variables and targets that a
`Makefile.am' author can use, any behavior associated with them (e.g.,
the places where `-hook''s are run), the command line interface of
`automake' and `aclocal', ...
What is not in the API
======================
Every undocumented variable, target, or command line option, is not part
of the API. You should avoid using them, as they could change from one
version to the other (even in bug fix releases, if this helps to fix a
bug).
If it turns out you need to use such a undocumented feature, contact
<automake@gnu.org> and try to get it documented and exercised by the
test-suite.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Upgrading, Next: FAQ, Prev: API versioning, Up: Top
26 Upgrading a Package to a Newer Automake Version
**************************************************
Automake maintains three kind of files in a package.
* `aclocal.m4'
* `Makefile.in's
* auxiliary tools like `install-sh' or `py-compile'
`aclocal.m4' is generated by `aclocal' and contains some
Automake-supplied M4 macros. Auxiliary tools are installed by
`automake --add-missing' when needed. `Makefile.in's are built from
`Makefile.am' by `automake', and rely on the definitions of the M4
macros put in `aclocal.m4' as well as the behavior of the auxiliary
tools installed.
Because all these files are closely related, it is important to
regenerate all of them when upgrading to a newer Automake release. The
usual way to do that is
aclocal # with any option needed (such a -I m4)
autoconf
automake --add-missing --force-missing
or more conveniently:
autoreconf -vfi
The use of `--force-missing' ensures that auxiliary tools will be
overridden by new versions (*note Invoking Automake::).
It is important to regenerate all these files each time Automake is
upgraded, even between bug fixes releases. For instance, it is not
unusual for a bug fix to involve changes to both the rules generated in
`Makefile.in' and the supporting M4 macros copied to `aclocal.m4'.
Presently `automake' is able to diagnose situations where
`aclocal.m4' has been generated with another version of `aclocal'.
However it never checks whether auxiliary scripts are up-to-date. In
other words, `automake' will tell you when `aclocal' needs to be rerun,
but it will never diagnose a missing `--force-missing'.
Before upgrading to a new major release, it is a good idea to read
the file `NEWS'. This file lists all changes between releases: new
features, obsolete constructs, known incompatibilities, and workarounds.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: FAQ, Next: History, Prev: Upgrading, Up: Top
27 Frequently Asked Questions about Automake
********************************************
This chapter covers some questions that often come up on the mailing
lists.
* Menu:
* CVS:: CVS and generated files
* maintainer-mode:: missing and AM_MAINTAINER_MODE
* wildcards:: Why doesn't Automake support wildcards?
* limitations on file names:: Limitations on source and installed file names
* distcleancheck:: Files left in build directory after distclean
* Flag Variables Ordering:: CFLAGS vs. AM_CFLAGS vs. mumble_CFLAGS
* renamed objects:: Why are object files sometimes renamed?
* Per-Object Flags:: How to simulate per-object flags?
* Multiple Outputs:: Writing rules for tools with many output files
* Hard-Coded Install Paths:: Installing to Hard-Coded Locations
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: CVS, Next: maintainer-mode, Up: FAQ
27.1 CVS and generated files
============================
27.1.1 Background: distributed generated files
----------------------------------------------
Packages made with Autoconf and Automake ship with some generated files
like `configure' or `Makefile.in'. These files were generated on the
developer's host and are distributed so that end-users do not have to
install the maintainer tools required to rebuild them. Other generated
files like Lex scanners, Yacc parsers, or Info documentation, are
usually distributed on similar grounds.
Automake outputs rules in `Makefile's to rebuild these files. For
instance, `make' will run `autoconf' to rebuild `configure' whenever
`configure.ac' is changed. This makes development safer by ensuring a
`configure' is never out-of-date with respect to `configure.ac'.
As generated files shipped in packages are up-to-date, and because
`tar' preserves times-tamps, these rebuild rules are not triggered when
a user unpacks and builds a package.
27.1.2 Background: CVS and timestamps
-------------------------------------
Unless you use CVS keywords (in which case files must be updated at
commit time), CVS preserves timestamp during `cvs commit' and `cvs
import -d' operations.
When you check out a file using `cvs checkout' its timestamp is set
to that of the revision that is being checked out.
However, during `cvs update', files will have the date of the
update, not the original timestamp of this revision. This is meant to
make sure that `make' notices sources files have been updated.
This timestamp shift is troublesome when both sources and generated
files are kept under CVS. Because CVS processes files in alphabetical
order, `configure.ac' will appear older than `configure' after a `cvs
update' that updates both files, even if `configure' was newer than
`configure.ac' when it was checked in. Calling `make' will then
trigger a spurious rebuild of `configure'.
27.1.3 Living with CVS in Autoconfiscated projects
--------------------------------------------------
There are basically two clans amongst maintainers: those who keep all
distributed files under CVS, including generated files, and those who
keep generated files _out_ of CVS.
All files in CVS
................
* The CVS repository contains all distributed files so you know
exactly what is distributed, and you can checkout any prior
version entirely.
* Maintainers can see how generated files evolve (for instance, you
can see what happens to your `Makefile.in's when you upgrade
Automake and make sure they look OK).
* Users do not need the autotools to build a checkout of the
project, it works just like a released tarball.
* If users use `cvs update' to update their copy, instead of `cvs
checkout' to fetch a fresh one, timestamps will be inaccurate.
Some rebuild rules will be triggered and attempt to run developer
tools such as `autoconf' or `automake'.
Actually, calls to such tools are all wrapped into a call to the
`missing' script discussed later (*note maintainer-mode::).
`missing' will take care of fixing the timestamps when these tools
are not installed, so that the build can continue.
* In distributed development, developers are likely to have different
version of the maintainer tools installed. In this case rebuilds
triggered by timestamp lossage will lead to spurious changes to
generated files. There are several solutions to this:
* All developers should use the same versions, so that the
rebuilt files are identical to files in CVS. (This starts to
be difficult when each project you work on uses different
versions.)
* Or people use a script to fix the timestamp after a checkout
(the GCC folks have such a script).
* Or `configure.ac' uses `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE', which will
disable all these rebuild rules by default. This is further
discussed in *Note maintainer-mode::.
* Although we focused on spurious rebuilds, the converse can also
happen. CVS's timestamp handling can also let you think an
out-of-date file is up-to-date.
For instance, suppose a developer has modified `Makefile.am' and
has rebuilt `Makefile.in'. He then decide to do a last-minute
change to `Makefile.am' right before checking in both files
(without rebuilding `Makefile.in' to account for the change).
This last change to `Makefile.am' make the copy of `Makefile.in'
out-of-date. Since CVS processes files alphabetically, when
another developer `cvs update' his or her tree, `Makefile.in' will
happen to be newer than `Makefile.am'. This other developer will
not see `Makefile.in' is out-of-date.
Generated files out of CVS
..........................
One way to get CVS and `make' working peacefully is to never store
generated files in CVS, i.e., do not CVS-control files that are
`Makefile' targets (also called _derived_ files).
This way developers are not annoyed by changes to generated files.
It does not matter if they all have different versions (assuming they
are compatible, of course). And finally, timestamps are not lost,
changes to sources files can't be missed as in the
`Makefile.am'/`Makefile.in' example discussed earlier.
The drawback is that the CVS repository is not an exact copy of what
is distributed and that users now need to install various development
tools (maybe even specific versions) before they can build a checkout.
But, after all, CVS's job is versioning, not distribution.
Allowing developers to use different versions of their tools can also
hide bugs during distributed development. Indeed, developers will be
using (hence testing) their own generated files, instead of the
generated files that will be released actually. The developer who
prepares the tarball might be using a version of the tool that produces
bogus output (for instance a non-portable C file), something other
developers could have noticed if they weren't using their own versions
of this tool.
27.1.4 Third-party files
------------------------
Another class of files not discussed here (because they do not cause
timestamp issues) are files that are shipped with a package, but
maintained elsewhere. For instance, tools like `gettextize' and
`autopoint' (from Gettext) or `libtoolize' (from Libtool), will install
or update files in your package.
These files, whether they are kept under CVS or not, raise similar
concerns about version mismatch between developers' tools. The Gettext
manual has a section about this, see *Note CVS Issues: (gettext)CVS
Issues.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: maintainer-mode, Next: wildcards, Prev: CVS, Up: FAQ
27.2 `missing' and `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE'
=======================================
27.2.1 `missing'
----------------
The `missing' script is a wrapper around several maintainer tools,
designed to warn users if a maintainer tool is required but missing.
Typical maintainer tools are `autoconf', `automake', `bison', etc.
Because file generated by these tools are shipped with the other
sources of a package, these tools shouldn't be required during a user
build and they are not checked for in `configure'.
However, if for some reason a rebuild rule is triggered and involves
a missing tool, `missing' will notice it and warn the user. Besides
the warning, when a tool is missing, `missing' will attempt to fix
timestamps in a way that allows the build to continue. For instance,
`missing' will touch `configure' if `autoconf' is not installed. When
all distributed files are kept under CVS, this feature of `missing'
allows user _with no maintainer tools_ to build a package off CVS,
bypassing any timestamp inconsistency implied by `cvs update'.
If the required tool is installed, `missing' will run it and won't
attempt to continue after failures. This is correct during
development: developers love fixing failures. However, users with
wrong versions of maintainer tools may get an error when the rebuild
rule is spuriously triggered, halting the build. This failure to let
the build continue is one of the arguments of the `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE'
advocates.
27.2.2 `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE'
---------------------------
`AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' disables the so called "rebuild rules" by default.
If you have `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' in `configure.ac', and run
`./configure && make', then `make' will *never* attempt to rebuilt
`configure', `Makefile.in's, Lex or Yacc outputs, etc. I.e., this
disables build rules for files that are usually distributed and that
users should normally not have to update.
If you run `./configure --enable-maintainer-mode', then these
rebuild rules will be active.
People use `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' either because they do want their
users (or themselves) annoyed by timestamps lossage (*note CVS::), or
because they simply can't stand the rebuild rules and prefer running
maintainer tools explicitly.
`AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' also allows you to disable some custom build
rules conditionally. Some developers use this feature to disable rules
that need exotic tools that users may not have available.
Several years ago Franc,ois Pinard pointed out several arguments
against this `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' macro. Most of them relate to
insecurity. By removing dependencies you get non-dependable builds:
change to sources files can have no effect on generated files and this
can be very confusing when unnoticed. He adds that security shouldn't
be reserved to maintainers (what `--enable-maintainer-mode' suggests),
on the contrary. If one user has to modify a `Makefile.am', then
either `Makefile.in' should be updated or a warning should be output
(this is what Automake uses `missing' for) but the last thing you want
is that nothing happens and the user doesn't notice it (this is what
happens when rebuild rules are disabled by `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE').
Jim Meyering, the inventor of the `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' macro was
swayed by Franc,ois's arguments, and got rid of `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' in
all of his packages.
Still many people continue to use `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE', because it
helps them working on projects where all files are kept under CVS, and
because `missing' isn't enough if you have the wrong version of the
tools.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: wildcards, Next: limitations on file names, Prev: maintainer-mode, Up: FAQ
27.3 Why doesn't Automake support wildcards?
============================================
Developers are lazy. They often would like to use wildcards in
`Makefile.am's, so they don't need to remember they have to update
`Makefile.am's every time they add, delete, or rename a file.
There are several objections to this:
* When using CVS (or similar) developers need to remember they have
to run `cvs add' or `cvs rm' anyway. Updating `Makefile.am'
accordingly quickly becomes a reflex.
Conversely, if your application doesn't compile because you forgot
to add a file in `Makefile.am', it will help you remember to `cvs
add' it.
* Using wildcards makes easy to distribute files by mistake. For
instance, some code a developer is experimenting with (a test case,
say) but that should not be part of the distribution.
* Using wildcards it's easy to omit some files by mistake. For
instance, one developer creates a new file, uses it at many places,
but forget to commit it. Another developer then checkout the
incomplete project and is able to run `make dist' successfully,
even though a file is missing.
* Listing files, you control *exactly* what you distribute. If some
file that should be distributed is missing from your tree, `make
dist' will complain. Besides, you don't distribute more than what
you listed.
* Finally it's really hard to `forget' adding a file to
`Makefile.am', because if you don't add it, it doesn't get
compiled nor installed, so you can't even test it.
Still, these are philosophical objections, and as such you may
disagree, or find enough value in wildcards to dismiss all of them.
Before you start writing a patch against Automake to teach it about
wildcards, let's see the main technical issue: portability.
Although `$(wildcard ...)' works with GNU `make', it is not portable
to other `make' implementations.
The only way Automake could support `$(wildcard ...)' is by
expending `$(wildcard ...)' when `automake' is run. Resulting
`Makefile.in's would be portable since they would list all files and
not use `$(wildcard ...)'. However that means developers need to
remember they must run `automake' each time they add, delete, or rename
files.
Compared to editing `Makefile.am', this is really little win. Sure,
it's easier and faster to type `automake; make' than to type `emacs
Makefile.am; make'. But nobody bothered enough to write a patch add
support for this syntax. Some people use scripts to generated file
lists in `Makefile.am' or in separate `Makefile' fragments.
Even if you don't care about portability, and are tempted to use
`$(wildcard ...)' anyway because you target only GNU Make, you should
know there are many places where Automake need to know exactly which
files should be processed. As Automake doesn't know how to expand
`$(wildcard ...)', you cannot use it in these places. `$(wildcard
...)' is a black box comparable to `AC_SUBST'ed variables as far
Automake is concerned.
You can get warnings about `$(wildcard ...') constructs using the
`-Wportability' flag.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: limitations on file names, Next: distcleancheck, Prev: wildcards, Up: FAQ
27.4 Limitations on file names
==============================
Automake attempts to support all kinds of file names, even those that
contain unusual characters or are unusually long. However, some
limitations are imposed by the underlying operating system and tools.
Most operating systems prohibit the use of the null byte in file
names, and reserve `/' as a directory separator. Also, they require
that file names are properly encoded for the user's locale. Automake
is subject to these limits.
Portable packages should limit themselves to POSIX file names.
These can contain ASCII letters and digits, `_', `.', and `-'. File
names consist of components separated by `/'. File name components
cannot begin with `-'.
Portable POSIX file names cannot contain components that exceed a
14-byte limit, but nowadays it's normally safe to assume the
more-generous XOPEN limit of 255 bytes. POSIX limits file names to 255
bytes (XOPEN allows 1023 bytes), but you may want to limit a source
tarball to file names to 99 bytes to avoid interoperability problems
with old versions of `tar'.
If you depart from these rules (e.g., by using non-ASCII characters
in file names, or by using lengthy file names), your installers may
have problems for reasons unrelated to Automake. However, if this does
not concern you, you should know about the limitations imposed by
Automake itself. These limitations are undesirable, but some of them
seem to be inherent to underlying tools like Autoconf, Make, M4, and
the shell. They fall into three categories: install directories, build
directories, and file names.
The following characters:
newline " # $ ' `
should not appear in the names of install directories. For example,
the operand of `configure''s `--prefix' option should not contain these
characters.
Build directories suffer the same limitations as install directories,
and in addition should not contain the following characters:
& @ \
For example, the full name of the directory containing the source
files should not contain these characters.
Source and installation file names like `main.c' are limited even
further: they should conform to the POSIX/XOPEN rules described above.
In addition, if you plan to port to non-POSIX environments, you should
avoid file names that differ only in case (e.g., `makefile' and
`Makefile'). Nowadays it is no longer worth worrying about the 8.3
limits of DOS file systems.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: distcleancheck, Next: Flag Variables Ordering, Prev: limitations on file names, Up: FAQ
27.5 Files left in build directory after distclean
==================================================
This is a diagnostic you might encounter while running `make distcheck'.
As explained in *Note Dist::, `make distcheck' attempts to build and
check your package for errors like this one.
`make distcheck' will perform a `VPATH' build of your package (*note
VPATH Builds::), and then call `make distclean'. Files left in the
build directory after `make distclean' has run are listed after this
error.
This diagnostic really covers two kinds of errors:
* files that are forgotten by distclean;
* distributed files that are erroneously rebuilt.
The former left-over files are not distributed, so the fix is to mark
them for cleaning (*note Clean::), this is obvious and doesn't deserve
more explanations.
The latter bug is not always easy to understand and fix, so let's
proceed with an example. Suppose our package contains a program for
which we want to build a man page using `help2man'. GNU `help2man'
produces simple manual pages from the `--help' and `--version' output
of other commands (*note Overview: (help2man)Top.). Because we don't
to force want our users to install `help2man', we decide to distribute
the generated man page using the following setup.
# This Makefile.am is bogus.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
dist_man_MANS = foo.1
foo.1: foo$(EXEEXT)
help2man --output=foo.1 ./foo$(EXEEXT)
This will effectively distribute the man page. However, `make
distcheck' will fail with:
ERROR: files left in build directory after distclean:
./foo.1
Why was `foo.1' rebuilt? Because although distributed, `foo.1'
depends on a non-distributed built file: `foo$(EXEEXT)'.
`foo$(EXEEXT)' is built by the user, so it will always appear to be
newer than the distributed `foo.1'.
`make distcheck' caught an inconsistency in our package. Our intent
was to distribute `foo.1' so users do not need installing `help2man',
however since this our rule causes this file to be always rebuilt,
users _do_ need `help2man'. Either we should ensure that `foo.1' is
not rebuilt by users, or there is no point in distributing `foo.1'.
More generally, the rule is that distributed files should never
depend on non-distributed built files. If you distribute something
generated, distribute its sources.
One way to fix the above example, while still distributing `foo.1'
is to not depend on `foo$(EXEEXT)'. For instance, assuming `foo
--version' and `foo --help' do not change unless `foo.c' or
`configure.ac' change, we could write the following `Makefile.am':
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
dist_man_MANS = foo.1
foo.1: foo.c $(top_srcdir)/configure.ac
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) foo$(EXEEXT)
help2man --output=foo.1 ./foo$(EXEEXT)
This way, `foo.1' will not get rebuilt every time `foo$(EXEEXT)'
changes. The `make' call makes sure `foo$(EXEEXT)' is up-to-date
before `help2man'. Another way to ensure this would be to use separate
directories for binaries and man pages, and set `SUBDIRS' so that
binaries are built before man pages.
We could also decide not to distribute `foo.1'. In this case it's
fine to have `foo.1' dependent upon `foo$(EXEEXT)', since both will
have to be rebuilt. However it would be impossible to build the
package in a cross-compilation, because building `foo.1' involves an
_execution_ of `foo$(EXEEXT)'.
Another context where such errors are common is when distributed
files are built by tools that are built by the package. The pattern is
similar:
distributed-file: built-tools distributed-sources
build-command
should be changed to
distributed-file: distributed-sources
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) built-tools
build-command
or you could choose not to distribute `distributed-file', if
cross-compilation does not matter.
The points made through these examples are worth a summary:
* Distributed files should never depend upon non-distributed built
files.
* Distributed files should be distributed with all their
dependencies.
* If a file is _intended_ to be rebuilt by users, then there is no
point in distributing it.
For desperate cases, it's always possible to disable this check by
setting `distcleancheck_listfiles' as documented in *Note Dist::. Make
sure you do understand the reason why `make distcheck' complains before
you do this. `distcleancheck_listfiles' is a way to _hide_ errors, not
to fix them. You can always do better.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Flag Variables Ordering, Next: renamed objects, Prev: distcleancheck, Up: FAQ
27.6 Flag Variables Ordering
============================
What is the difference between `AM_CFLAGS', `CFLAGS', and
`mumble_CFLAGS'?
Why does `automake' output `CPPFLAGS' after
`AM_CPPFLAGS' on compile lines? Shouldn't it be the converse?
My `configure' adds some warning flags into `CXXFLAGS'. In
one `Makefile.am' I would like to append a new flag, however if I
put the flag into `AM_CXXFLAGS' it is prepended to the other
flags, not appended.
27.6.1 Compile Flag Variables
-----------------------------
This section attempts to answer all the above questions. We will
mostly discuss `CPPFLAGS' in our examples, but actually the answer
holds for all the compile flags used in Automake: `CCASFLAGS',
`CFLAGS', `CPPFLAGS', `CXXFLAGS', `FCFLAGS', `FFLAGS', `GCJFLAGS',
`LDFLAGS', `LFLAGS', `LIBTOOLFLAGS', `OBJCFLAGS', `RFLAGS', `UPCFLAGS',
and `YFLAGS'.
`CPPFLAGS', `AM_CPPFLAGS', and `mumble_CPPFLAGS' are three variables
that can be used to pass flags to the C preprocessor (actually these
variables are also used for other languages like C++ or preprocessed
Fortran). `CPPFLAGS' is the user variable (*note User Variables::),
`AM_CPPFLAGS' is the Automake variable, and `mumble_CPPFLAGS' is the
variable specific to the `mumble' target (we call this a per-target
variable, *note Program and Library Variables::).
Automake always uses two of these variables when compiling C sources
files. When compiling an object file for the `mumble' target, the
first variable will be `mumble_CPPFLAGS' if it is defined, or
`AM_CPPFLAGS' otherwise. The second variable is always `CPPFLAGS'.
In the following example,
bin_PROGRAMS = foo bar
foo_SOURCES = xyz.c
bar_SOURCES = main.c
foo_CPPFLAGS = -DFOO
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBAZ
`xyz.o' will be compiled with `$(foo_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)', (because
`xyz.o' is part of the `foo' target), while `main.o' will be compiled
with `$(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)' (because there is no per-target
variable for target `bar').
The difference between `mumble_CPPFLAGS' and `AM_CPPFLAGS' being
clear enough, let's focus on `CPPFLAGS'. `CPPFLAGS' is a user
variable, i.e., a variable that users are entitled to modify in order
to compile the package. This variable, like many others, is documented
at the end of the output of `configure --help'.
For instance, someone who needs to add `/home/my/usr/include' to the
C compiler's search path would configure a package with
./configure CPPFLAGS='-I /home/my/usr/include'
and this flag would be propagated to the compile rules of all
`Makefile's.
It is also not uncommon to override a user variable at `make'-time.
Many installers do this with `prefix', but this can be useful with
compiler flags too. For instance, if, while debugging a C++ project,
you need to disable optimization in one specific object file, you can
run something like
rm file.o
make CXXFLAGS=-O0 file.o
make
The reason `$(CPPFLAGS)' appears after `$(AM_CPPFLAGS)' or
`$(mumble_CPPFLAGS)' in the compile command is that users should always
have the last say. It probably makes more sense if you think about it
while looking at the `CXXFLAGS=-O0' above, which should supersede any
other switch from `AM_CXXFLAGS' or `mumble_CXXFLAGS' (and this of
course replaces the previous value of `CXXFLAGS').
You should never redefine a user variable such as `CPPFLAGS' in
`Makefile.am'. Use `automake -Woverride' to diagnose such mistakes.
Even something like
CPPFLAGS = -DDATADIR=\"$(datadir)\" @CPPFLAGS@
is erroneous. Although this preserves `configure''s value of
`CPPFLAGS', the definition of `DATADIR' will disappear if a user
attempts to override `CPPFLAGS' from the `make' command line.
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DDATADIR=\"$(datadir)\"
is all what is needed here if no per-target flags are used.
You should not add options to these user variables within
`configure' either, for the same reason. Occasionally you need to
modify these variables to perform a test, but you should reset their
values afterwards. In contrast, it is OK to modify the `AM_' variables
within `configure' if you `AC_SUBST' them, but it is rather rare that
you need to do this, unless you really want to change the default
definitions of the `AM_' variables in all `Makefile's.
What we recommend is that you define extra flags in separate
variables. For instance, you may write an Autoconf macro that computes
a set of warning options for the C compiler, and `AC_SUBST' them in
`WARNINGCFLAGS'; you may also have an Autoconf macro that determines
which compiler and which linker flags should be used to link with
library `libfoo', and `AC_SUBST' these in `LIBFOOCFLAGS' and
`LIBFOOLDFLAGS'. Then, a `Makefile.am' could use these variables as
follows:
AM_CFLAGS = $(WARNINGCFLAGS)
bin_PROGRAMS = prog1 prog2
prog1_SOURCES = ...
prog2_SOURCES = ...
prog2_CFLAGS = $(LIBFOOCFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS)
prog2_LDFLAGS = $(LIBFOOLDFLAGS)
In this example both programs will be compiled with the flags
substituted into `$(WARNINGCFLAGS)', and `prog2' will additionally be
compiled with the flags required to link with `libfoo'.
Note that listing `AM_CFLAGS' in a per-target `CFLAGS' variable is a
common idiom to ensure that `AM_CFLAGS' applies to every target in a
`Makefile.in'.
Using variables like this gives you full control over the ordering of
the flags. For instance, if there is a flag in $(WARNINGCFLAGS) that
you want to negate for a particular target, you can use something like
`prog1_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS) -no-flag'. If all these flags had been
forcefully appended to `CFLAGS', there would be no way to disable one
flag. Yet another reason to leave user variables to users.
Finally, we have avoided naming the variable of the example
`LIBFOO_LDFLAGS' (with an underscore) because that would cause Automake
to think that this is actually a per-target variable (like
`mumble_LDFLAGS') for some non-declared `LIBFOO' target.
27.6.2 Other Variables
----------------------
There are other variables in Automake that follow similar principles to
allow user options. For instance, Texinfo rules (*note Texinfo::) use
`MAKEINFOFLAGS' and `AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS'. Similarly, DejaGnu tests
(*note Tests::) use `RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS' and `AM_RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS'.
The tags and ctags rules (*note Tags::) use `ETAGSFLAGS',
`AM_ETAGSFLAGS', `CTAGSFLAGS', and `AM_CTAGSFLAGS'. Java rules (*note
Java::) use `JAVACFLAGS' and `AM_JAVACFLAGS'. None of these rules do
support per-target flags (yet).
To some extent, even `AM_MAKEFLAGS' (*note Subdirectories::) obeys
this naming scheme. The slight difference is that `MAKEFLAGS' is
passed to sub-`make's implicitly by `make' itself.
However you should not think that all variables ending with `FLAGS'
follow this convention. For instance, `DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS'
(*note Dist::), `ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS' (see *Note Rebuilding:: and *Note
Local Macros::), are two variables that are only useful to the
maintainer and have no user counterpart.
`ARFLAGS' (*note A Library::) is usually defined by Automake and has
neither `AM_' nor per-target cousin.
Finally you should not think either that the existence of a
per-target variable implies that of an `AM_' variable or that of a user
variable. For instance, the `mumble_LDADD' per-target variable
overrides the global `LDADD' variable (which is not a user variable),
and `mumble_LIBADD' exists only as a per-target variable. *Note
Program and Library Variables::.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: renamed objects, Next: Per-Object Flags, Prev: Flag Variables Ordering, Up: FAQ
27.7 Why are object files sometimes renamed?
============================================
This happens when per-target compilation flags are used. Object files
need to be renamed just in case they would clash with object files
compiled from the same sources, but with different flags. Consider the
following example.
bin_PROGRAMS = true false
true_SOURCES = generic.c
true_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=0
false_SOURCES = generic.c
false_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=1
Obviously the two programs are built from the same source, but it
would be bad if they shared the same object, because `generic.o' cannot
be built with both `-DEXIT_CODE=0' _and_ `-DEXIT_CODE=1'. Therefore
`automake' outputs rules to build two different objects:
`true-generic.o' and `false-generic.o'.
`automake' doesn't actually look whether source files are shared to
decide if it must rename objects. It will just rename all objects of a
target as soon as it sees per-target compilation flags are used.
It's OK to share object files when per-target compilation flags are
not used. For instance, `true' and `false' will both use `version.o'
in the following example.
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DVERSION=1.0
bin_PROGRAMS = true false
true_SOURCES = true.c version.c
false_SOURCES = false.c version.c
Note that the renaming of objects is also affected by the
`_SHORTNAME' variable (*note Program and Library Variables::).
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Per-Object Flags, Next: Multiple Outputs, Prev: renamed objects, Up: FAQ
27.8 Per-Object Flags Emulation
===============================
One of my source files needs to be compiled with different flags. How
do I do?
Automake supports per-program and per-library compilation flags (see
*Note Program and Library Variables:: and *Note Flag Variables
Ordering::). With this you can define compilation flags that apply to
all files compiled for a target. For instance, in
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c foo.h bar.c bar.h main.c
foo_CFLAGS = -some -flags
`foo-foo.o', `foo-bar.o', and `foo-main.o' will all be compiled with
`-some -flags'. (If you wonder about the names of these object files,
see *Note renamed objects::.) Note that `foo_CFLAGS' gives the flags
to use when compiling all the C sources of the _program_ `foo', it has
nothing to do with `foo.c' or `foo-foo.o' specifically.
What if `foo.c' needs to be compiled into `foo.o' using some
specific flags, that none of the other files require? Obviously
per-program flags are not directly applicable here. Something like
per-object flags are expected, i.e., flags that would be used only when
creating `foo-foo.o'. Automake does not support that, however this is
easy to simulate using a library that contains only that object, and
compiling this library with per-library flags.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = bar.c bar.h main.c
foo_CFLAGS = -some -flags
foo_LDADD = libfoo.a
noinst_LIBRARIES = libfoo.a
libfoo_a_SOURCES = foo.c foo.h
libfoo_a_CFLAGS = -some -other -flags
Here `foo-bar.o' and `foo-main.o' will all be compiled with `-some
-flags', while `libfoo_a-foo.o' will be compiled using `-some -other
-flags'. Eventually, all three objects will be linked to form `foo'.
This trick can also be achieved using Libtool convenience libraries,
for instance `noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la' (*note Libtool
Convenience Libraries::).
Another tempting idea to implement per-object flags is to override
the compile rules `automake' would output for these files. Automake
will not define a rule for a target you have defined, so you could
think about defining the `foo-foo.o: foo.c' rule yourself. We
recommend against this, because this is error prone. For instance, if
you add such a rule to the first example, it will break the day you
decide to remove `foo_CFLAGS' (because `foo.c' will then be compiled as
`foo.o' instead of `foo-foo.o', *note renamed objects::). Also in
order to support dependency tracking, the two `.o'/`.obj' extensions,
and all the other flags variables involved in a compilation, you will
end up modifying a copy of the rule previously output by `automake' for
this file. If a new release of Automake generates a different rule,
your copy will need to be updated by hand.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Multiple Outputs, Next: Hard-Coded Install Paths, Prev: Per-Object Flags, Up: FAQ
27.9 Handling Tools that Produce Many Outputs
=============================================
This section describes a `make' idiom that can be used when a tool
produces multiple output files. It is not specific to Automake and can
be used in ordinary `Makefile's.
Suppose we have a program called `foo' that will read one file
called `data.foo' and produce two files named `data.c' and `data.h'.
We want to write a `Makefile' rule that captures this one-to-two
dependency.
The naive rule is incorrect:
# This is incorrect.
data.c data.h: data.foo
foo data.foo
What the above rule really says is that `data.c' and `data.h' each
depend on `data.foo', and can each be built by running `foo data.foo'.
In other words it is equivalent to:
# We do not want this.
data.c: data.foo
foo data.foo
data.h: data.foo
foo data.foo
which means that `foo' can be run twice. Usually it will not be run
twice, because `make' implementations are smart enough to check for the
existence of the second file after the first one has been built; they
will therefore detect that it already exists. However there are a few
situations where it can run twice anyway:
* The most worrying case is when running a parallel `make'. If
`data.c' and `data.h' are built in parallel, two `foo data.foo'
commands will run concurrently. This is harmful.
* Another case is when the dependency (here `data.foo') is (or
depends upon) a phony target.
A solution that works with parallel `make' but not with phony
dependencies is the following:
data.c data.h: data.foo
foo data.foo
data.h: data.c
The above rules are equivalent to
data.c: data.foo
foo data.foo
data.h: data.foo data.c
foo data.foo
therefore a parallel `make' will have to serialize the builds of
`data.c' and `data.h', and will detect that the second is no longer
needed once the first is over.
Using this pattern is probably enough for most cases. However it
does not scale easily to more output files (in this scheme all output
files must be totally ordered by the dependency relation), so we will
explore a more complicated solution.
Another idea is to write the following:
# There is still a problem with this one.
data.c: data.foo
foo data.foo
data.h: data.c
The idea is that `foo data.foo' is run only when `data.c' needs to be
updated, but we further state that `data.h' depends upon `data.c'.
That way, if `data.h' is required and `data.foo' is out of date, the
dependency on `data.c' will trigger the build.
This is almost perfect, but suppose we have built `data.h' and
`data.c', and then we erase `data.h'. Then, running `make data.h' will
not rebuild `data.h'. The above rules just state that `data.c' must be
up-to-date with respect to `data.foo', and this is already the case.
What we need is a rule that forces a rebuild when `data.h' is
missing. Here it is:
data.c: data.foo
foo data.foo
data.h: data.c
## Recover from the removal of $@
@if test -f $@; then :; else \
rm -f data.c; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c; \
fi
The above scheme can be extended to handle more outputs and more
inputs. One of the outputs is selected to serve as a witness to the
successful completion of the command, it depends upon all inputs, and
all other outputs depend upon it. For instance, if `foo' should
additionally read `data.bar' and also produce `data.w' and `data.x', we
would write:
data.c: data.foo data.bar
foo data.foo data.bar
data.h data.w data.x: data.c
## Recover from the removal of $@
@if test -f $@; then :; else \
rm -f data.c; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c; \
fi
However there are now two minor problems in this setup. One is
related to the timestamp ordering of `data.h', `data.w', `data.x', and
`data.c'. The other one is a race condition if a parallel `make'
attempts to run multiple instances of the recover block at once.
Let us deal with the first problem. `foo' outputs four files, but
we do not know in which order these files are created. Suppose that
`data.h' is created before `data.c'. Then we have a weird situation.
The next time `make' is run, `data.h' will appear older than `data.c',
the second rule will be triggered, a shell will be started to execute
the `if...fi' command, but actually it will just execute the `then'
branch, that is: nothing. In other words, because the witness we
selected is not the first file created by `foo', `make' will start a
shell to do nothing each time it is run.
A simple riposte is to fix the timestamps when this happens.
data.c: data.foo data.bar
foo data.foo data.bar
data.h data.w data.x: data.c
@if test -f $@; then \
touch $@; \
else \
## Recover from the removal of $@
rm -f data.c; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c; \
fi
Another solution is to use a different and dedicated file as witness,
rather than using any of `foo''s outputs.
data.stamp: data.foo data.bar
@rm -f data.tmp
@touch data.tmp
foo data.foo data.bar
@mv -f data.tmp $@
data.c data.h data.w data.x: data.stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@
@if test -f $@; then :; else \
rm -f data.stamp; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.stamp; \
fi
`data.tmp' is created before `foo' is run, so it has a timestamp
older than output files output by `foo'. It is then renamed to
`data.stamp' after `foo' has run, because we do not want to update
`data.stamp' if `foo' fails.
This solution still suffers from the second problem: the race
condition in the recover rule. If, after a successful build, a user
erases `data.c' and `data.h', and runs `make -j', then `make' may start
both recover rules in parallel. If the two instances of the rule
execute `$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.stamp' concurrently the build is
likely to fail (for instance, the two rules will create `data.tmp', but
only one can rename it).
Admittedly, such a weird situation does not arise during ordinary
builds. It occurs only when the build tree is mutilated. Here
`data.c' and `data.h' have been explicitly removed without also
removing `data.stamp' and the other output files. `make clean; make'
will always recover from these situations even with parallel makes, so
you may decide that the recover rule is solely to help non-parallel
make users and leave things as-is. Fixing this requires some locking
mechanism to ensure only one instance of the recover rule rebuilds
`data.stamp'. One could imagine something along the following lines.
data.c data.h data.w data.x: data.stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@
@if test -f $@; then :; else \
trap 'rm -rf data.lock data.stamp' 1 2 13 15; \
## mkdir is a portable test-and-set
if mkdir data.lock 2>/dev/null; then \
## This code is being executed by the first process.
rm -f data.stamp; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.stamp; \
result=$$?; rm -rf data.lock; exit $$result; \
else \
## This code is being executed by the follower processes.
## Wait until the first process is done.
while test -d data.lock; do sleep 1; done; \
## Succeed if and only if the first process succeeded.
test -f data.stamp; \
fi; \
fi
Using a dedicated witness, like `data.stamp', is very handy when the
list of output files is not known beforehand. As an illustration,
consider the following rules to compile many `*.el' files into `*.elc'
files in a single command. It does not matter how `ELFILES' is defined
(as long as it is not empty: empty targets are not accepted by POSIX).
ELFILES = one.el two.el three.el ...
ELCFILES = $(ELFILES:=c)
elc-stamp: $(ELFILES)
@rm -f elc-temp
@touch elc-temp
$(elisp_comp) $(ELFILES)
@mv -f elc-temp $@
$(ELCFILES): elc-stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@
@if test -f $@; then :; else \
trap 'rm -rf elc-lock elc-stamp' 1 2 13 15; \
if mkdir elc-lock 2>/dev/null; then \
## This code is being executed by the first process.
rm -f elc-stamp; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) elc-stamp; \
rmdir elc-lock; \
else \
## This code is being executed by the follower processes.
## Wait until the first process is done.
while test -d elc-lock; do sleep 1; done; \
## Succeed if and only if the first process succeeded.
test -f elc-stamp; exit $$?; \
fi; \
fi
For completeness it should be noted that GNU `make' is able to
express rules with multiple output files using pattern rules (*note
Pattern Rule Examples: (make)Pattern Examples.). We do not discuss
pattern rules here because they are not portable, but they can be
convenient in packages that assume GNU `make'.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Hard-Coded Install Paths, Prev: Multiple Outputs, Up: FAQ
27.10 Installing to Hard-Coded Locations
========================================
My package needs to install some configuration file. I tried to use
the following rule, but `make distcheck' fails. Why?
# Do not do this.
install-data-local:
$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/afile $(DESTDIR)/etc/afile
My package needs to populate the installation directory of another
package at install-time. I can easily compute that installation
directory in `configure', but if I install files therein,
`make distcheck' fails. How else should I do?
These two setups share their symptoms: `make distcheck' fails
because they are installing files to hard-coded paths. In the later
case the path is not really hard-coded in the package, but we can
consider it to be hard-coded in the system (or in whichever tool that
supplies the path). As long as the path does not use any of the
standard directory variables (`$(prefix)', `$(bindir)', `$(datadir)',
etc.), the effect will be the same: user-installations are impossible.
When a (non-root) user wants to install a package, he usually has no
right to install anything in `/usr' or `/usr/local'. So he does
something like `./configure --prefix ~/usr' to install package in his
own `~/usr' tree.
If a package attempts to install something to some hard-coded path
(e.g., `/etc/afile'), regardless of this `--prefix' setting, then the
installation will fail. `make distcheck' performs such a `--prefix'
installation, hence it will fail too.
Now, there are some easy solutions.
The above `install-data-local' example for installing `/etc/afile'
would be better replaced by
sysconf_DATA = afile
by default `sysconfdir' will be `$(prefix)/etc', because this is what
the GNU Standards require. When such a package is installed on a FHS
compliant system, the installer will have to set `--sysconfdir=/etc'.
As the maintainer of the package you should not be concerned by such
site policies: use the appropriate standard directory variable to
install your files so that installer can easily redefine these
variables to match their site conventions.
Installing files that should be used by another package, is slightly
more involved. Let's take an example and assume you want to install
shared library that is a Python extension module. If you ask Python
where to install the library, it will answer something like this:
% python -c 'from distutils import sysconfig;
print sysconfig.get_python_lib(1,0)'
/usr/lib/python2.3/site-packages
If you indeed use this absolute path to install your shared library,
non-root users will not be able to install the package, hence distcheck
fails.
Let's do better. The `sysconfig.get_python_lib()' function actually
accepts a third argument that will replace Python's installation prefix.
% python -c 'from distutils import sysconfig;
print sysconfig.get_python_lib(1,0,"${exec_prefix}")'
${exec_prefix}/lib/python2.3/site-packages
You can also use this new path. If you do
* root users can install your package with the same `--prefix' as
Python (you get the behavior of the previous attempt)
* non-root users can install your package too, they will have the
extension module in a place that is not searched by Python but they
can work around this using environment variables (and if you
installed scripts that use this shared library, it's easy to tell
Python were to look in the beginning of your script, so the script
works in both cases).
The `AM_PATH_PYTHON' macro uses similar commands to define
`$(pythondir)' and `$(pyexecdir)' (*note Python::).
Of course not all tools are as advanced as Python regarding that
substitution of PREFIX. So another strategy is to figure the part of
the of the installation directory that must be preserved. For
instance, here is how `AM_PATH_LISPDIR' (*note Emacs Lisp::) computes
`$(lispdir)':
$EMACS -batch -q -eval '(while load-path
(princ (concat (car load-path) "\n"))
(setq load-path (cdr load-path)))' >conftest.out
lispdir=`sed -n
-e 's,/$,,'
-e '/.*\/lib\/x*emacs\/site-lisp$/{
s,.*/lib/\(x*emacs/site-lisp\)$,${libdir}/\1,;p;q;
}'
-e '/.*\/share\/x*emacs\/site-lisp$/{
s,.*/share/\(x*emacs/site-lisp\),${datarootdir}/\1,;p;q;
}'
conftest.out`
I.e., it just picks the first directory that looks like
`*/lib/*emacs/site-lisp' or `*/share/*emacs/site-lisp' in the search
path of emacs, and then substitutes `${libdir}' or `${datadir}'
appropriately.
The emacs case looks complicated because it processes a list and
expect two possible layouts, otherwise it's easy, and the benefit for
non-root users are really worth the extra `sed' invocation.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: History, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: FAQ, Up: Top
28 History of Automake
**********************
This chapter presents various aspects of the history of Automake. The
exhausted reader can safely skip it; this will be more of interest to
nostalgic people, or to those curious to learn about the evolution of
Automake.
* Menu:
* Timeline:: The Automake story.
* Dependency Tracking Evolution:: Evolution of Automatic Dependency Tracking
* Releases:: Statistics about Automake Releases
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Timeline, Next: Dependency Tracking Evolution, Up: History
28.1 Timeline
=============
1994-09-19 First CVS commit.
If we can trust the CVS repository, David J. MacKenzie (djm)
started working on Automake (or AutoMake, as it was spelt then)
this Monday.
The first version of the `automake' script looks as follows.
#!/bin/sh
status=0
for makefile
do
if test ! -f ${makefile}.am; then
echo "automake: ${makefile}.am: No such honkin' file"
status=1
continue
fi
exec 4> ${makefile}.in
done
From this you can already see that Automake will be about reading
`*.am' file and producing `*.in' files. You cannot see anything
else, but if you also know that David is the one who created
Autoconf two years before you can guess the rest.
Several commits follow, and by the end of the day Automake is
reported to work for GNU fileutils and GNU m4.
The modus operandi is the one that is still used today: variables
assignments in `Makefile.am' files trigger injections of precanned
`Makefile' fragments into the generated `Makefile.in'. The use of
`Makefile' fragments was inspired by the 4.4BSD `make' and include
files, however Automake aims to be portable and to conform to the
GNU standards for `Makefile' variables and targets.
At this point, the most recent release of Autoconf is version 1.11,
and David is preparing to release Autoconf 2.0 in late October.
As a matter of fact, he will barely touch Automake after September.
1994-11-05 David MacKenzie's last commit.
At this point Automake is a 200 line portable shell script, plus
332 lines of `Makefile' fragments. In the `README', David states
his ambivalence between "portable shell" and "more appropriate
language":
I wrote it keeping in mind the possibility of it becoming an
Autoconf macro, so it would run at configure-time. That
would slow configuration down a bit, but allow users to
modify the Makefile.am without needing to fetch the AutoMake
package. And, the Makefile.in files wouldn't need to be
distributed. But all of AutoMake would. So I might
reimplement AutoMake in Perl, m4, or some other more
appropriate language.
Automake is described as "an experimental Makefile generator".
There is no documentation. Adventurous users are referred to the
examples and patches needed to use Automake with GNU m4 1.3,
fileutils 3.9, time 1.6, and development versions of find and
indent.
These examples seem to have been lost. However at the time of
writing (10 years later in September, 2004) the FSF still
distributes a package that uses this version of Automake: check
out GNU termutils 2.0.
1995-11-12 Tom Tromey's first commit.
After one year of inactivity, Tom Tromey takes over the package.
Tom was working on GNU cpio back then, and doing this just for fun,
having trouble finding a project to contribute to. So while
hacking he wanted to bring the `Makefile.in' up to GNU standards.
This was hard, and one day he saw Automake on
`ftp://alpha.gnu.org/', grabbed it and tried it out.
Tom didn't talk to djm about it until later, just to make sure he
didn't mind if he made a release. He did a bunch of early
releases to the Gnits folks.
Gnits was (and still is) totally informal, just a few GNU friends
who Franc,ois Pinard knew, who were all interested in making a
common infrastructure for GNU projects, and shared a similar
outlook on how to do it. So they were able to make some progress.
It came along with Autoconf and extensions thereof, and then
Automake from David and Tom (who were both gnitsians). One of
their ideas was to write a document paralleling the GNU standards,
that was more strict in some ways and more detailed. They never
finished the GNITS standards, but the ideas mostly made their way
into Automake.
1995-11-23 Automake 0.20
Besides introducing automatic dependency tracking (*note
Dependency Tracking Evolution::), this version also supplies a
9-page manual.
At this time `aclocal' and `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' did not exist, so
many things had to be done by hand. For instance, here is what a
configure.in (this is the former name of the `configure.ac' we use
today) must contain in order to use Automake 0.20:
PACKAGE=cpio
VERSION=2.3.911
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PACKAGE, "$PACKAGE")
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(VERSION, "$VERSION")
AC_SUBST(PACKAGE)
AC_SUBST(VERSION)
AC_ARG_PROGRAM
AC_PROG_INSTALL
(Today all of the above is achieved by `AC_INIT' and
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'.)
Here is how programs are specified in `Makefile.am':
PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello.c
This looks pretty much like what we do today, except the
`PROGRAMS' variable has no directory prefix specifying where
`hello' should be installed: all programs are installed in
`$(bindir)'. `LIBPROGRAMS' can be used to specify programs that
must be built but not installed (it is called `noinst_PROGRAMS'
nowadays).
Programs can be built conditionally using `AC_SUBST'itutions:
PROGRAMS = @progs@
AM_PROGRAMS = foo bar baz
(`AM_PROGRAMS' has since then been renamed to `EXTRA_PROGRAMS'.)
Similarly scripts, static libraries, and data can built and
installed using the `LIBRARIES', `SCRIPTS', and `DATA' variables.
However `LIBRARIES' were treated a bit specially in that Automake
did automatically supply the `lib' and `.a' prefixes. Therefore
to build `libcpio.a', one had to write
LIBRARIES = cpio
cpio_SOURCES = ...
Extra files to distribute must be listed in `DIST_OTHER' (the
ancestor of `EXTRA_DIST'). Also extra directories that are to be
distributed should appear in `DIST_SUBDIRS', but the manual
describes this as a temporary ugly hack (today extra directories
should also be listed in `EXTRA_DIST', and `DIST_SUBDIRS' is used
for another purpose, *note Conditional Subdirectories::).
1995-11-26 Automake 0.21
In less time that it takes to cook a frozen pizza, Tom rewrites
Automake using Perl. At this time Perl 5 is only one year old, and
Perl 4.036 is in use at many sites. Supporting several Perl
versions has been a source of problems through the whole history
of Automake.
If you never used Perl 4, imagine Perl 5 without objects, without
`my' variables (only dynamically scoped `local' variables),
without function prototypes, with function calls that needs to be
prefixed with `&', etc. Traces of this old style can still be
found in today's `automake'.
1995-11-28 Automake 0.22
1995-11-29 Automake 0.23
Bug fixes.
1995-12-08 Automake 0.24
1995-12-10 Automake 0.25
Releases are raining. 0.24 introduces the uniform naming scheme we
use today, i.e., `bin_PROGRAMS' instead of `PROGRAMS',
`noinst_LIBRARIES' instead of `LIBLIBRARIES', etc. (However
`EXTRA_PROGRAMS' does not exist yet, `AM_PROGRAMS' is still in
use; and `TEXINFOS' and `MANS' still have no directory prefixes.)
Adding support for prefixes like that was one of the major ideas
in automake; it has lasted pretty well.
AutoMake is renamed to Automake (Tom seems to recall it was
Franc,ois Pinard's doing).
0.25 fixes a Perl 4 portability bug.
1995-12-18 Jim Meyering starts using Automake in GNU Textutils.
1995-12-31 Franc,ois Pinard starts using Automake in GNU tar.
1996-01-03 Automake 0.26
1996-01-03 Automake 0.27
Of the many change and suggestions sent by Franc,ois Pinard and
included in 0.26, the most important is perhaps the advise that to
ease customization a user rule or variable definition should always
override an Automake rule or definition.
Gordon Matzigkeit and Jim Meyering are two other early contributors
that have been sending fixes.
0.27 fixes yet another Perl 4 portability bug.
1996-01-13 Automake 0.28
Automake starts scanning `configure.in' for `LIBOBJS' support.
This is an important step because until this version Automake did
only know about the `Makefile.am's it processed. `configure.in'
was Autoconf's world and the link between Autoconf and Automake
had to be done by the `Makefile.am' author. For instance, if
`config.h' was generated by `configure', it was the package
maintainer's responsibility to define the `CONFIG_HEADER' variable
in each `Makefile.am'.
Succeeding releases will rely more and more on scanning
`configure.in' to better automate the Autoconf integration.
0.28 also introduces the `AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' variable and the
`--gnu' and `--gnits' options, the latter being stricter.
1996-02-07 Automake 0.29
Thanks to `configure.in' scanning, `CONFIG_HEADER' is gone, and
rebuild rules for `configure'-generated file are automatically
output.
`TEXINFOS' and `MANS' converted to the uniform naming scheme.
1996-02-24 Automake 0.30
The test suite is born. It contains 9 tests. From now on test
cases will be added pretty regularly (*note Releases::), and this
proved to be really helpful later on.
`EXTRA_PROGRAMS' finally replaces `AM_PROGRAMS'.
All the third-party Autoconf macros, written mostly by Franc,ois
Pinard (and later Jim Meyering), are distributed in Automake's
hand-written `aclocal.m4' file. Package maintainers are expected
to extract the necessary macros from this file. (In previous
version you had to copy and paste them from the manual...)
1996-03-11 Automake 0.31
The test suite in 0.30 was run via a long `check-local' rule. Upon
Ulrich Drepper's suggestion, 0.31 makes it an Automake rule output
whenever the `TESTS' variable is defined.
`DIST_OTHER' is renamed to `EXTRA_DIST', and the `check_' prefix
is introduced. The syntax is now the same as today.
1996-03-15 Gordon Matzigkeit starts writing libtool.
1996-04-27 Automake 0.32
`-hook' targets are introduced; an idea from Dieter Baron.
`*.info' files, which were output in the build directory are now
built in the source directory, because they are distributed. It
seems these files like to move back and forth as that will happen
again in future versions.
1996-05-18 Automake 0.33
Gord Matzigkeit's main two contributions:
* very preliminary libtool support
* the distcheck rule
Although they were very basic at this point, these are probably
among the top features for Automake today.
Jim Meyering also provides the infamous `jm_MAINTAINER_MODE',
since then renamed to `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' and abandoned by its
author (*note maintainer-mode::).
1996-05-28 Automake 1.0
After only six months of heavy development, the automake script is
3134 lines long, plus 973 lines of `Makefile' fragments. The
package has 30 pages of documentation, and 38 test cases.
`aclocal.m4' contains 4 macros.
From now on and until version 1.4, new releases will occur at a
rate of about one a year. 1.1 did not exist, actually 1.1b to
1.1p have been the name of beta releases for 1.2. This is the
first time Automake uses suffix letters to designate beta
releases, an habit that lasts.
1996-10-10 Kevin Dalley packages Automake 1.0 for Debian GNU/Linux.
1996-11-26 David J. MacKenzie releases Autoconf 2.12.
Between June and October, the Autoconf development is almost
staled. Roland McGrath has been working at the beginning of the
year. David comes back in November to release 2.12, but he won't
touch Autoconf anymore after this year, and Autoconf then really
stagnates. The desolate Autoconf `ChangeLog' for 1997 lists only
7 commits.
1997-02-28 <automake@gnu.ai.mit.edu> list alive
The mailing list is announced as follows:
I've created the "automake" mailing list. It is
"automake@gnu.ai.mit.edu". Administrivia, as always, to
automake-request@gnu.ai.mit.edu.
The charter of this list is discussion of automake, autoconf, and
other configuration/portability tools (e.g., libtool). It is expected
that discussion will range from pleas for help all the way up to
patches.
This list is archived on the FSF machines. Offhand I don't know if
you can get the archive without an account there.
This list is open to anybody who wants to join. Tell all your
friends!
-- Tom Tromey
Before that people were discussing Automake privately, on the Gnits
mailing list (which is not public either), and less frequently on
`gnu.misc.discuss'.
`gnu.ai.mit.edu' is now `gnu.org', in case you never noticed. The
archives of the early years of the `automake@gnu.org' list have
been lost, so today it is almost impossible to find traces of
discussions that occurred before 1999. This has been annoying
more than once, as such discussions can be useful to understand
the rationale behind a piece of uncommented code that was
introduced back then.
1997-06-22 Automake 1.2
Automake developments continues, and more and more new Autoconf
macros are required. Distributing them in `aclocal.m4' and
requiring people to browse this file to extract the relevant
macros becomes uncomfortable. Ideally, some of them should be
contributed to Autoconf so that they can be used directly, however
Autoconf is currently inactive. Automake 1.2 consequently
introduces `aclocal' (`aclocal' was actually started on
1996-07-28), a tool that automatically constructs an `aclocal.m4'
file from a repository of third-party macros. Because Autoconf has
stalled, Automake also becomes a kind of repository for such
third-party macros, even macros completely unrelated to Automake
(for instance macros that fix broken Autoconf macros).
The 1.2 release contains 20 macros, among which the
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' macro that simplifies the creation of
`configure.in'.
Libtool is fully supported using `*_LTLIBRARIES'.
The missing script is introduced by Franc,ois Pinard; it is meant
to be a better solution than `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' (*note
maintainer-mode::).
Conditionals support was implemented by Ian Lance Taylor. At the
time, Tom and Ian were working on an internal project at Cygnus.
They were using ILU, which is pretty similar to CORBA. They
wanted to integrate ILU into their build, which was all
`configure'-based, and Ian thought that adding conditionals to
`automake' was simpler than doing all the work in `configure'
(which was the standard at the time). So this was actually funded
by Cygnus.
This very useful but tricky feature will take a lot of time to
stabilize. (At the time this text is written, there are still
primaries that have not been updated to support conditional
definitions in Automake 1.9.)
The `automake' script has almost doubled: 6089 lines of Perl, plus
1294 lines of `Makefile' fragments.
1997-07-08 Gordon Matzigkeit releases Libtool 1.0.
1998-04-05 Automake 1.3
This is a small advance compared to 1.2. It add support for
assembly, and preliminary support for Java.
Perl 5.004_04 is out, but fixes to support Perl 4 are still
regularly submitted whenever Automake breaks it.
1998-09-06 `sourceware.cygnus.com' is on-line.
Sourceware was setup by Jason Molenda to host open source projects.
1998-09-19 Automake CVS repository moved to `sourceware.cygnus.com'
1998-10-26 `sourceware.cygnus.com' announces it hosts Automake
Automake is now hosted on `sourceware.cygnus.com'. It has a
publicly accessible CVS repository. This CVS repository is a copy
of the one Tom was using on his machine, which in turn is based on
a copy of the CVS repository of David MacKenzie. This is why we
still have to full source history. (Automake was on Sourceware
until 2007-10-29, when it moved to a git repository on
`savannah.gnu.org', but the Sourceware host had been renamed to
`sources.redhat.com'.)
The oldest file in the administrative directory of the CVS
repository that was created on Sourceware is dated 1998-09-19,
while the announcement that `automake' and `autoconf' had joined
`sourceware' was made on 1998-10-26. They were among the first
projects to be hosted there.
The heedful reader will have noticed Automake was exactly
4-year-old on 1998-09-19.
1999-01-05 Ben Elliston releases Autoconf 2.13.
1999-01-14 Automake 1.4
This release adds support for Fortran 77 and for the `include'
statement. Also, `+=' assignments are introduced, but it is still
quite easy to fool Automake when mixing this with conditionals.
These two releases, Automake 1.4 and Autoconf 2.13 makes a duo that
will be used together for years.
`automake' is 7228 lines, plus 1591 lines of Makefile fragment, 20
macros (some 1.3 macros were finally contributed back to
Autoconf), 197 test cases, and 51 pages of documentation.
1999-03-27 The `user-dep-branch' is created on the CVS repository.
This implements a new dependency tracking schemed that should be
able to handle automatic dependency tracking using any compiler
(not just gcc) and any make (not just GNU `make'). In addition,
the new scheme should be more reliable than the old one, as
dependencies are generated on the end user's machine. Alexandre
Oliva creates depcomp for this purpose.
*Note Dependency Tracking Evolution::, for more details about the
evolution of automatic dependency tracking in Automake.
1999-11-21 The `user-dep-branch' is merged into the main trunk.
This was a huge problem since we also had patches going in on the
trunk. The merge took a long time and was very painful.
2000-05-10
Since September 1999 and until 2003, Akim Demaille will be
zealously revamping Autoconf.
I think the next release should be called "3.0".
Let's face it: you've basically rewritten autoconf.
Every weekend there are 30 new patches.
I don't see how we could call this "2.15" with a straight
face.
- Tom Tromey on <autoconf@gnu.org>
Actually Akim works like a submarine: he will pile up patches
while he works off-line during the weekend, and flush them in
batch when he resurfaces on Monday.
2001-01-24
On this Wednesday, Autoconf 2.49c, the last beta before Autoconf
2.50 is out, and Akim has to find something to do during his
week-end :)
2001-01-28
Akim sends a batch of 14 patches to <automake@gnu.org>.
Aiieeee! I was dreading the day that the Demaillator turned
his sights on automake... and now it has arrived! - Tom Tromey
It's only the beginning: in two months he will send 192 patches.
Then he would slow down so Tom can catch up and review all this.
Initially Tom actually read all these patches, then he probably
trustingly answered OK to most of them, and finally gave up and
let Akim apply whatever he wanted. There was no way to keep up
with that patch rate.
Anyway the patch below won't apply since it predates Akim's
sourcequake; I have yet to figure where the relevant passage
has been moved :) - Alexandre Duret-Lutz
All these patches were sent to and discussed on
<automake@gnu.org>, so subscribed users were literally drown in
technical mails. Eventually, the <automake-patches@gnu.org>
mailing list was created in May.
Year after year, Automake had drifted away from its initial design:
construct `Makefile.in' by assembling various `Makefile'
fragments. In 1.4, lots of `Makefile' rules are being emitted at
various places in the `automake' script itself; this does not help
ensuring a consistent treatment of these rules (for instance
making sure that user-defined rules override Automake's own rules).
One of Akim's goal was moving all these hard-coded rules to
separate `Makefile' fragments, so the logic could be centralized
in a `Makefile' fragment processor.
Another significant contribution of Akim is the interface with the
"trace" feature of Autoconf. The way to scan `configure.in' at
this time was to read the file and grep the various macro of
interest to Automake. Doing so could break in many unexpected
ways; automake could miss some definition (for instance
`AC_SUBST([$1], [$2])' where the arguments are known only when M4
is run), or conversely it could detect some macro that was not
expanded (because it is called conditionally). In the CVS version
of Autoconf, Akim had implemented the `--trace' option, which
provides accurate information about where macros are actually
called and with what arguments. Akim will equip Automake with a
second `configure.in' scanner that uses this `--trace' interface.
Since it was not sensible to drop the Autoconf 2.13 compatibility
yet, this experimental scanner was only used when an environment
variable was set, the traditional grep-scanner being still the
default.
2001-04-25 Gary V. Vaughan releases Libtool 1.4
It has been more than two years since Automake 1.4, CVS Automake
has suffered lot's of heavy changes and still is not ready for
release. Libtool 1.4 had to be distributed with a patch against
Automake 1.4.
2001-05-08 Automake 1.4-p1
2001-05-24 Automake 1.4-p2
Gary V. Vaughan, the principal Libtool maintainer, makes a "patch
release" of Automake:
The main purpose of this release is to have a stable automake
which is compatible with the latest stable libtool.
The release also contains obvious fixes for bugs in Automake 1.4,
some of which were reported almost monthly.
2001-05-21 Akim Demaille releases Autoconf 2.50
2001-06-07 Automake 1.4-p3
2001-06-10 Automake 1.4-p4
2001-07-15 Automake 1.4-p5
Gary continues his patch-release series. These also add support
for some new Autoconf 2.50 idioms. Essentially, Autoconf now
advocates `configure.ac' over `configure.in', and it introduces a
new syntax for `AC_OUTPUT'ing files.
2001-08-23 Automake 1.5
A major and long-awaited release, that comes more than two years
after 1.4. It brings many changes, among which:
* The new dependency tracking scheme that uses `depcomp'.
Aside from the improvement on the dependency tracking itself
(*note Dependency Tracking Evolution::), this also
streamlines the use of automake generated `Makefile.in's as
the `Makefile.in's used during development are now the same
as those used in distributions. Before that the
`Makefile.in's generated for maintainers required GNU `make'
and GCC, they were different from the portable `Makefile'
generated for distribution; this was causing some confusion.
* Support for per-target compilation flags.
* Support for reference to files in subdirectories in most
`Makefile.am' variables.
* Introduction of the `dist_', `nodist_', and `nobase_'
prefixes.
* Perl 4 support is finally dropped.
1.5 did broke several packages that worked with 1.4. Enough so
that Linux distributions could not easily install the new Automake
version without breaking many of the packages for which they had
to run `automake'.
Some of these breakages were effectively bugs that would
eventually be fixed in the next release. However, a lot of damage
was caused by some changes made deliberately to render Automake
stricter on some setup we did consider bogus. For instance, `make
distcheck' was improved to check that `make uninstall' did remove
all the files `make install' installed, that `make distclean' did
not omit some file, and that a VPATH build would work even if the
source directory was read-only. Similarly, Automake now rejects
multiple definitions of the same variable (because that would mix
very badly with conditionals), and `+=' assignments with no
previous definition. Because these changes all occurred suddenly
after 1.4 had been established for more than two years, it hurt
users.
To make matter worse, meanwhile Autoconf (now at version 2.52) was
facing similar troubles, for similar reasons.
2002-03-05 Automake 1.6
This release introduced versioned installation (*note API
versioning::). This was mainly pushed by Havoc Pennington, taking
the GNOME source tree as motive: due to incompatibilities between
the autotools it's impossible for the GNOME packages to switch to
Autoconf 2.53 and Automake 1.5 all at once, so they are currently
stuck with Autoconf 2.13 and Automake 1.4.
The idea was to call this version `automake-1.6', call all its
bug-fix versions identically, and switch to `automake-1.7' for the
next release that adds new features or changes some rules. This
scheme implies maintaining a bug-fix branch in addition to the
development trunk, which means more work from the maintainer, but
providing regular bug-fix releases proved to be really worthwhile.
Like 1.5, 1.6 also introduced a bunch of incompatibilities, meant
or not. Perhaps the more annoying was the dependence on the newly
released Autoconf 2.53. Autoconf seemed to have stabilized enough
since its explosive 2.50 release, and included changes required to
fix some bugs in Automake. In order to upgrade to Automake 1.6,
people now had to upgrade Autoconf too; for some packages it was
no picnic.
While versioned installation helped people to upgrade, it also
unfortunately allowed people not to upgrade. At the time of
writing, some Linux distributions are shipping packages for
Automake 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9. Most of these still
install 1.4 by default. Some distribution also call 1.4 the
"stable" version, and present "1.9" as the development version;
this does not really makes sense since 1.9 is way more solid than
1.4. All this does not help the newcomer.
2002-04-11 Automake 1.6.1
1.6, and the upcoming 1.4-p6 release were the last release by Tom.
This one and those following will be handled by Alexandre
Duret-Lutz. Tom is still around, and will be there until about
1.7, but his interest into Automake is drifting away towards
projects like `gcj'.
Alexandre has been using Automake since 2000, and started to
contribute mostly on Akim's incitement (Akim and Alexandre have
been working in the same room from 1999 to 2002). In 2001 and
2002 he had a lot of free time to enjoy hacking Automake.
2002-06-14 Automake 1.6.2
2002-07-28 Automake 1.6.3
2002-07-28 Automake 1.4-p6
Two releases on the same day. 1.6.3 is a bug-fix release.
Tom Tromey backported the versioned installation mechanism on the
1.4 branch, so that Automake 1.6.x and Automake 1.4-p6 could be
installed side by side. Another request from the GNOME folks.
2002-09-25 Automake 1.7
This release switches to the new `configure.ac' scanner Akim was
experimenting in 1.5.
2002-10-16 Automake 1.7.1
2002-12-06 Automake 1.7.2
2003-02-20 Automake 1.7.3
2003-04-23 Automake 1.7.4
2003-05-18 Automake 1.7.5
2003-07-10 Automake 1.7.6
2003-09-07 Automake 1.7.7
2003-10-07 Automake 1.7.8
Many bug-fix releases. 1.7 lasted because the development version
(upcoming 1.8) was suffering some major internal revamping.
2003-10-26 Automake on screen
Episode 49, `Repercussions', in the third season of the `Alias' TV
show is first aired.
Marshall, one of the character, is working on a computer virus
that he has to modify before it gets into the wrong hands or
something like that. The screenshots you see do not show any
program code, they show a `Makefile.in' `generated by automake'...
2003-11-09 Automake 1.7.9
2003-12-10 Automake 1.8
The most striking update is probably that of `aclocal'.
`aclocal' now uses `m4_include' in the produced `aclocal.m4' when
the included macros are already distributed with the package (an
idiom used in many packages), which reduces code duplication.
Many people liked that, but in fact this change was really
introduced to fix a bug in rebuild rules: `Makefile.in' must be
rebuilt whenever a dependency of `configure' changes, but all the
`m4' files included in `aclocal.m4' where unknown from `automake'.
Now `automake' can just trace the `m4_include's to discover the
dependencies.
`aclocal' also starts using the `--trace' Autoconf option in order
to discover used macros more accurately. This will turn out to be
very tricky (later releases will improve this) as people had
devised many ways to cope with the limitation of previous
`aclocal' versions, notably using handwritten `m4_include's:
`aclocal' must make sure not to redefine a rule that is already
included by such statement.
Automake also has seen its guts rewritten. Although this rewriting
took a lot of efforts, it is only apparent to the users in that
some constructions previously disallowed by the implementation now
work nicely. Conditionals, Locations, Variable and Rule
definitions, Options: these items on which Automake works have
been rewritten as separate Perl modules, and documented.
2004-01-11 Automake 1.8.1
2004-01-12 Automake 1.8.2
2004-03-07 Automake 1.8.3
2004-04-25 Automake 1.8.4
2004-05-16 Automake 1.8.5
2004-07-28 Automake 1.9
This release tries to simplify the compilation rules it outputs to
reduce the size of the Makefile. The complaint initially come from
the libgcj developers. Their `Makefile.in' generated with
Automake 1.4 and custom build rules (1.4 did not support compiled
Java) is 250KB. The one generated by 1.8 was over 9MB! 1.9 gets
it down to 1.2MB.
Aside from this it contains mainly minor changes and bug-fixes.
2004-08-11 Automake 1.9.1
2004-09-19 Automake 1.9.2
Automake has ten years. This chapter of the manual was initially
written for this occasion.
2007-10-29 Automake repository moves to `savannah.gnu.org' and uses
git as primary repository.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Dependency Tracking Evolution, Next: Releases, Prev: Timeline, Up: History
28.2 Dependency Tracking in Automake
====================================
Over the years Automake has deployed three different dependency
tracking methods. Each method, including the current one, has had
flaws of various sorts. Here we lay out the different dependency
tracking methods, their flaws, and their fixes. We conclude with
recommendations for tool writers, and by indicating future directions
for dependency tracking work in Automake.
28.2.1 First Take
-----------------
Description
...........
Our first attempt at automatic dependency tracking was based on the
method recommended by GNU `make'. (*note Generating Prerequisites
Automatically: (make)Automatic Prerequisites.)
This version worked by precomputing dependencies ahead of time. For
each source file, it had a special `.P' file that held the
dependencies. There was a rule to generate a `.P' file by invoking the
compiler appropriately. All such `.P' files were included by the
`Makefile', thus implicitly becoming dependencies of `Makefile'.
Bugs
....
This approach had several critical bugs.
* The code to generate the `.P' file relied on `gcc'. (A
limitation, not technically a bug.)
* The dependency tracking mechanism itself relied on GNU `make'. (A
limitation, not technically a bug.)
* Because each `.P' file was a dependency of `Makefile', this meant
that dependency tracking was done eagerly by `make'. For
instance, `make clean' would cause all the dependency files to be
updated, and then immediately removed. This eagerness also caused
problems with some configurations; if a certain source file could
not be compiled on a given architecture for some reason,
dependency tracking would fail, aborting the entire build.
* As dependency tracking was done as a pre-pass, compile times were
doubled-the compiler had to be run twice per source file.
* `make dist' re-ran `automake' to generate a `Makefile' that did
not have automatic dependency tracking (and that was thus portable
to any version of `make'). In order to do this portably, Automake
had to scan the dependency files and remove any reference that was
to a source file not in the distribution. This process was
error-prone. Also, if `make dist' was run in an environment where
some object file had a dependency on a source file that was only
conditionally created, Automake would generate a `Makefile' that
referred to a file that might not appear in the end user's build.
A special, hacky mechanism was required to work around this.
Historical Note
...............
The code generated by Automake is often inspired by the `Makefile'
style of a particular author. In the case of the first implementation
of dependency tracking, I believe the impetus and inspiration was Jim
Meyering. (I could be mistaken. If you know otherwise feel free to
correct me.)
28.2.2 Dependencies As Side Effects
-----------------------------------
Description
...........
The next refinement of Automake's automatic dependency tracking scheme
was to implement dependencies as side effects of the compilation. This
was aimed at solving the most commonly reported problems with the first
approach. In particular we were most concerned with eliminating the
weird rebuilding effect associated with make clean.
In this approach, the `.P' files were included using the `-include'
command, which let us create these files lazily. This avoided the
`make clean' problem.
We only computed dependencies when a file was actually compiled.
This avoided the performance penalty associated with scanning each file
twice. It also let us avoid the other problems associated with the
first, eager, implementation. For instance, dependencies would never
be generated for a source file that was not compilable on a given
architecture (because it in fact would never be compiled).
Bugs
....
* This approach also relied on the existence of `gcc' and GNU
`make'. (A limitation, not technically a bug.)
* Dependency tracking was still done by the developer, so the
problems from the first implementation relating to massaging of
dependencies by `make dist' were still in effect.
* This implementation suffered from the "deleted header file"
problem. Suppose a lazily-created `.P' file includes a dependency
on a given header file, like this:
maude.o: maude.c something.h
Now suppose that the developer removes `something.h' and updates
`maude.c' so that this include is no longer needed. If he runs
`make', he will get an error because there is no way to create
`something.h'.
We fixed this problem in a later release by further massaging the
output of `gcc' to include a dummy dependency for each header file.
28.2.3 Dependencies for the User
--------------------------------
Description
...........
The bugs associated with `make dist', over time, became a real problem.
Packages using Automake were being built on a large number of
platforms, and were becoming increasingly complex. Broken dependencies
were distributed in "portable" `Makefile.in's, leading to user
complaints. Also, the requirement for `gcc' and GNU `make' was a
constant source of bug reports. The next implementation of dependency
tracking aimed to remove these problems.
We realized that the only truly reliable way to automatically track
dependencies was to do it when the package itself was built. This
meant discovering a method portable to any version of make and any
compiler. Also, we wanted to preserve what we saw as the best point of
the second implementation: dependency computation as a side effect of
compilation.
In the end we found that most modern make implementations support
some form of include directive. Also, we wrote a wrapper script that
let us abstract away differences between dependency tracking methods for
compilers. For instance, some compilers cannot generate dependencies
as a side effect of compilation. In this case we simply have the
script run the compiler twice. Currently our wrapper script
(`depcomp') knows about twelve different compilers (including a
"compiler" that simply invokes `makedepend' and then the real compiler,
which is assumed to be a standard Unix-like C compiler with no way to
do dependency tracking).
Bugs
....
* Running a wrapper script for each compilation slows down the build.
* Many users don't really care about precise dependencies.
* This implementation, like every other automatic dependency tracking
scheme in common use today (indeed, every one we've ever heard of),
suffers from the "duplicated new header" bug.
This bug occurs because dependency tracking tools, such as the
compiler, only generate dependencies on the successful opening of a
file, and not on every probe.
Suppose for instance that the compiler searches three directories
for a given header, and that the header is found in the third
directory. If the programmer erroneously adds a header file with
the same name to the first directory, then a clean rebuild from
scratch could fail (suppose the new header file is buggy), whereas
an incremental rebuild will succeed.
What has happened here is that people have a misunderstanding of
what a dependency is. Tool writers think a dependency encodes
information about which files were read by the compiler. However,
a dependency must actually encode information about what the
compiler tried to do.
This problem is not serious in practice. Programmers typically do
not use the same name for a header file twice in a given project.
(At least, not in C or C++. This problem may be more troublesome
in Java.) This problem is easy to fix, by modifying dependency
generators to record every probe, instead of every successful open.
* Since automake generates dependencies as a side effect of
compilation, there is a bootstrapping problem when header files
are generated by running a program. The problem is that, the
first time the build is done, there is no way by default to know
that the headers are required, so make might try to run a
compilation for which the headers have not yet been built.
This was also a problem in the previous dependency tracking
implementation.
The current fix is to use `BUILT_SOURCES' to list built headers
(*note Sources::). This causes them to be built before any other
build rules are run. This is unsatisfactory as a general solution,
however in practice it seems sufficient for most actual programs.
This code is used since Automake 1.5.
In GCC 3.0, we managed to convince the maintainers to add special
command-line options to help Automake more efficiently do its job. We
hoped this would let us avoid the use of a wrapper script when
Automake's automatic dependency tracking was used with `gcc'.
Unfortunately, this code doesn't quite do what we want. In
particular, it removes the dependency file if the compilation fails;
we'd prefer that it instead only touch the file in any way if the
compilation succeeds.
Nevertheless, since Automake 1.7, when a recent `gcc' is detected at
`configure' time, we inline the dependency-generation code and do not
use the `depcomp' wrapper script. This makes compilations faster for
those using this compiler (probably our primary user base). The
counterpart is that because we have to encode two compilation rules in
`Makefile' (with or without `depcomp'), the produced `Makefile's are
larger.
28.2.4 Techniques for Computing Dependencies
--------------------------------------------
There are actually several ways for a build tool like Automake to cause
tools to generate dependencies.
`makedepend'
This was a commonly-used method in the past. The idea is to run a
special program over the source and have it generate dependency
information. Traditional implementations of `makedepend' are not
completely precise; ordinarily they were conservative and
discovered too many dependencies.
The tool
An obvious way to generate dependencies is to simply write the
tool so that it can generate the information needed by the build
tool. This is also the most portable method. Many compilers have
an option to generate dependencies. Unfortunately, not all tools
provide such an option.
The file system
It is possible to write a special file system that tracks opens,
reads, writes, etc, and then feed this information back to the
build tool. `clearmake' does this. This is a very powerful
technique, as it doesn't require cooperation from the tool.
Unfortunately it is also very difficult to implement and also not
practical in the general case.
`LD_PRELOAD'
Rather than use the file system, one could write a special library
to intercept `open' and other syscalls. This technique is also
quite powerful, but unfortunately it is not portable enough for
use in `automake'.
28.2.5 Recommendations for Tool Writers
---------------------------------------
We think that every compilation tool ought to be able to generate
dependencies as a side effect of compilation. Furthermore, at least
while `make'-based tools are nearly universally in use (at least in the
free software community), the tool itself should generate dummy
dependencies for header files, to avoid the deleted header file bug.
Finally, the tool should generate a dependency for each probe, instead
of each successful file open, in order to avoid the duplicated new
header bug.
28.2.6 Future Directions for Automake's Dependency Tracking
-----------------------------------------------------------
Currently, only languages and compilers understood by Automake can have
dependency tracking enabled. We would like to see if it is practical
(and worthwhile) to let this support be extended by the user to
languages unknown to Automake.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Releases, Prev: Dependency Tracking Evolution, Up: History
28.3 Release Statistics
=======================
The following table (inspired by `perlhist(1)') quantifies the
evolution of Automake using these metrics:
Date, Rel
The date and version of the release.
am
The number of lines of the `automake' script.
acl
The number of lines of the `aclocal' script.
pm
The number of lines of the `Perl' supporting modules.
`*.am'
The number of lines of the `Makefile' fragments. The number in
parenthesis is the number of files.
m4
The number of lines (and files) of Autoconf macros.
doc
The number of pages of the documentation (the Postscript version).
t
The number of test cases in the test suite.
Date Rel am acl pm `*.am' m4 doc t
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1994-09-19 CVS 141 299 (24)
1994-11-05 CVS 208 332 (28)
1995-11-23 0.20 533 458 (35) 9
1995-11-26 0.21 613 480 (36) 11
1995-11-28 0.22 1116 539 (38) 12
1995-11-29 0.23 1240 541 (38) 12
1995-12-08 0.24 1462 504 (33) 14
1995-12-10 0.25 1513 511 (37) 15
1996-01-03 0.26 1706 438 (36) 16
1996-01-03 0.27 1706 438 (36) 16
1996-01-13 0.28 1964 934 (33) 16
1996-02-07 0.29 2299 936 (33) 17
1996-02-24 0.30 2544 919 (32) 85 (1) 20 9
1996-03-11 0.31 2877 919 (32) 85 (1) 29 17
1996-04-27 0.32 3058 921 (31) 85 (1) 30 26
1996-05-18 0.33 3110 926 (31) 105 (1) 30 35
1996-05-28 1.0 3134 973 (32) 105 (1) 30 38
1997-06-22 1.2 6089 385 1294 (36) 592 (20) 37 126
1998-04-05 1.3 6415 422 1470 (39) 741 (23) 39 156
1999-01-14 1.4 7240 426 1591 (40) 734 (20) 51 197
2001-05-08 1.4-p1 7251 426 1591 (40) 734 (20) 51 197
2001-05-24 1.4-p2 7268 439 1591 (40) 734 (20) 49 197
2001-06-07 1.4-p3 7312 439 1591 (40) 734 (20) 49 197
2001-06-10 1.4-p4 7321 439 1591 (40) 734 (20) 49 198
2001-07-15 1.4-p5 7228 426 1596 (40) 734 (20) 51 198
2001-08-23 1.5 8016 475 600 2654 (39) 1166 (29) 63 327
2002-03-05 1.6 8465 475 1136 2732 (39) 1603 (27) 66 365
2002-04-11 1.6.1 8544 475 1136 2741 (39) 1603 (27) 66 372
2002-06-14 1.6.2 8575 475 1136 2800 (39) 1609 (27) 67 386
2002-07-28 1.6.3 8600 475 1153 2809 (39) 1609 (27) 67 391
2002-07-28 1.4-p6 7332 455 1596 (40) 735 (20) 49 197
2002-09-25 1.7 9189 471 1790 2965 (39) 1606 (28) 73 430
2002-10-16 1.7.1 9229 475 1790 2977 (39) 1606 (28) 73 437
2002-12-06 1.7.2 9334 475 1790 2988 (39) 1606 (28) 77 445
2003-02-20 1.7.3 9389 475 1790 3023 (39) 1651 (29) 84 448
2003-04-23 1.7.4 9429 475 1790 3031 (39) 1644 (29) 85 458
2003-05-18 1.7.5 9429 475 1790 3033 (39) 1645 (29) 85 459
2003-07-10 1.7.6 9442 475 1790 3033 (39) 1660 (29) 85 461
2003-09-07 1.7.7 9443 475 1790 3041 (39) 1660 (29) 90 467
2003-10-07 1.7.8 9444 475 1790 3041 (39) 1660 (29) 90 468
2003-11-09 1.7.9 9444 475 1790 3048 (39) 1660 (29) 90 468
2003-12-10 1.8 7171 585 7730 3236 (39) 1666 (31) 104 521
2004-01-11 1.8.1 7217 663 7726 3287 (39) 1686 (31) 104 525
2004-01-12 1.8.2 7217 663 7726 3288 (39) 1686 (31) 104 526
2004-03-07 1.8.3 7214 686 7735 3303 (39) 1695 (31) 111 530
2004-04-25 1.8.4 7214 686 7736 3310 (39) 1701 (31) 112 531
2004-05-16 1.8.5 7240 686 7736 3299 (39) 1701 (31) 112 533
2004-07-28 1.9 7508 715 7794 3352 (40) 1812 (32) 115 551
2004-08-11 1.9.1 7512 715 7794 3354 (40) 1812 (32) 115 552
2004-09-19 1.9.2 7512 715 7794 3354 (40) 1812 (32) 132 554
2004-11-01 1.9.3 7507 718 7804 3354 (40) 1812 (32) 134 556
2004-12-18 1.9.4 7508 718 7856 3361 (40) 1811 (32) 140 560
2005-02-13 1.9.5 7523 719 7859 3373 (40) 1453 (32) 142 562
2005-07-10 1.9.6 7539 699 7867 3400 (40) 1453 (32) 144 570
2006-10-15 1.10 7859 1072 8024 3512 (40) 1496 (34) 172 604
2008-01-21 1.10.1 7870 1089 8025 3584 (41) 1499 (34) 173 617
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Indices, Prev: History, Up: Top
Appendix A Copying This Manual
******************************
* Menu:
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
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to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
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A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
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A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
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Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
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Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
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these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
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and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
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title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
which the general network-using public has access to download
using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
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4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
work that was published at least four years before the
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
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You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
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has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
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You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
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5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
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their Warranty Disclaimers.
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multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.
A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
----------------------------------------------------------
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Indices, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
Appendix B Indices
******************
* Menu:
* Macro Index:: Index of Autoconf macros
* Variable Index:: Index of Makefile variables
* General Index:: General index
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Macro Index, Next: Variable Index, Up: Indices
B.1 Macro Index
===============
[index ]
* Menu:
* _AM_DEPENDENCIES: Private macros. (line 12)
* AC_CANONICAL_BUILD: Optional. (line 11)
* AC_CANONICAL_HOST: Optional. (line 12)
* AC_CANONICAL_TARGET: Optional. (line 13)
* AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR <1>: Subpackages. (line 6)
* AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR: Optional. (line 19)
* AC_CONFIG_FILES: Requirements. (line 15)
* AC_CONFIG_HEADERS: Optional. (line 46)
* AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR <1>: LIBOBJS. (line 48)
* AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR: Optional. (line 41)
* AC_CONFIG_LINKS: Optional. (line 55)
* AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS: Subpackages. (line 6)
* AC_DEFUN: Extending aclocal. (line 33)
* AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS: Optional. (line 98)
* AC_INIT: Public macros. (line 25)
* AC_LIBOBJ <1>: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* AC_LIBOBJ <2>: LIBOBJS. (line 11)
* AC_LIBOBJ: Optional. (line 65)
* AC_LIBSOURCE <1>: LIBOBJS. (line 17)
* AC_LIBSOURCE: Optional. (line 66)
* AC_LIBSOURCES: Optional. (line 67)
* AC_OUTPUT: Requirements. (line 15)
* AC_PREREQ: Extending aclocal. (line 33)
* AC_PROG_CC_C_O: Public macros. (line 80)
* AC_PROG_CXX: Optional. (line 85)
* AC_PROG_F77: Optional. (line 93)
* AC_PROG_FC: Optional. (line 104)
* AC_PROG_LEX <1>: Public macros. (line 86)
* AC_PROG_LEX: Optional. (line 119)
* AC_PROG_LIBTOOL: Optional. (line 109)
* AC_PROG_OBJC: Optional. (line 89)
* AC_PROG_RANLIB: Optional. (line 81)
* AC_PROG_YACC: Optional. (line 113)
* AC_REQUIRE_AUX_FILE: Optional. (line 123)
* AC_SUBST: Optional. (line 131)
* AM_C_PROTOTYPES <1>: ANSI. (line 34)
* AM_C_PROTOTYPES <2>: Obsolete macros. (line 13)
* AM_C_PROTOTYPES: Optional. (line 142)
* AM_CONDITIONAL: Conditionals. (line 11)
* AM_CONFIG_HEADER: Obsolete macros. (line 20)
* AM_DEP_TRACK: Private macros. (line 14)
* AM_ENABLE_MULTILIB: Public macros. (line 7)
* AM_GNU_GETTEXT: Optional. (line 146)
* AM_GNU_GETTEXT_INTL_SUBDIR: Optional. (line 152)
* AM_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ_NEEDS_SYS_IOCTL: Obsolete macros. (line 25)
* AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE <1>: Requirements. (line 6)
* AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE: Public macros. (line 16)
* AM_MAINTAINER_MODE <1>: maintainer-mode. (line 36)
* AM_MAINTAINER_MODE <2>: Rebuilding. (line 9)
* AM_MAINTAINER_MODE: Optional. (line 157)
* AM_MAKE_INCLUDE: Private macros. (line 20)
* AM_OUTPUT_DEPENDENCY_COMMANDS: Private macros. (line 15)
* AM_PATH_LISPDIR: Public macros. (line 60)
* AM_PATH_PYTHON: Python. (line 29)
* AM_PROG_AS: Public macros. (line 75)
* AM_PROG_CC_C_O: Public macros. (line 80)
* AM_PROG_GCJ: Public macros. (line 91)
* AM_PROG_INSTALL_STRIP: Private macros. (line 25)
* AM_PROG_LEX: Public macros. (line 86)
* AM_PROG_MKDIR_P: Obsolete macros. (line 31)
* AM_PROG_UPC: Public macros. (line 96)
* AM_SANITY_CHECK: Private macros. (line 30)
* AM_SET_DEPDIR: Private macros. (line 13)
* AM_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS: Obsolete macros. (line 53)
* AM_WITH_DMALLOC: Public macros. (line 102)
* AM_WITH_REGEX: Public macros. (line 107)
* m4_include <1>: Dist. (line 17)
* m4_include: Optional. (line 165)
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: General Index, Prev: Macro Index, Up: Indices
B.2 Variable Index
==================
[index ]
* Menu:
* _DATA: Data. (line 6)
* _HEADERS: Headers. (line 6)
* _LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 6)
* _LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 6)
* _LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Libraries. (line 6)
* _MANS: Man pages. (line 6)
* _PROGRAMS <1>: Program Sources. (line 6)
* _PROGRAMS: Uniform. (line 11)
* _PYTHON: Python. (line 6)
* _SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 6)
* _SOURCES <1>: Default _SOURCES. (line 6)
* _SOURCES: Program Sources. (line 33)
* _TEXINFOS: Texinfo. (line 59)
* ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS <1>: Rebuilding. (line 12)
* ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS: Local Macros. (line 19)
* ALLOCA <1>: LIBOBJS. (line 6)
* ALLOCA: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* AM_CCASFLAGS: Assembly Support. (line 10)
* AM_CFLAGS: Program variables. (line 38)
* AM_CPPFLAGS <1>: Assembly Support. (line 10)
* AM_CPPFLAGS: Program variables. (line 15)
* AM_CXXFLAGS: C++ Support. (line 22)
* AM_ETAGSFLAGS: Tags. (line 25)
* AM_FCFLAGS: Fortran 9x Support. (line 22)
* AM_FFLAGS: Fortran 77 Support. (line 22)
* AM_GCJFLAGS: Java Support. (line 24)
* AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT: Options. (line 123)
* AM_JAVACFLAGS: Java. (line 36)
* AM_LDFLAGS <1>: Linking. (line 10)
* AM_LDFLAGS: Program variables. (line 48)
* AM_LFLAGS: Yacc and Lex. (line 56)
* AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS: Libtool Flags. (line 6)
* AM_MAKEFLAGS: Subdirectories. (line 29)
* AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS: Texinfo. (line 104)
* AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS: Texinfo. (line 105)
* AM_OBJCFLAGS: Objective C Support. (line 22)
* AM_RFLAGS: Fortran 77 Support. (line 28)
* AM_RUNTESTFLAGS: Tests. (line 75)
* AM_UPCFLAGS: Unified Parallel C Support.
(line 21)
* AM_YFLAGS: Yacc and Lex. (line 33)
* ANSI2KNR: Obsolete macros. (line 13)
* AUTOCONF: Invoking Automake. (line 28)
* AUTOM4TE: Invoking aclocal. (line 45)
* AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS <1>: Public macros. (line 19)
* AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS <2>: ANSI. (line 21)
* AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS <3>: Options. (line 11)
* AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS: Dependencies. (line 34)
* bin_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 6)
* bin_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 18)
* build_triplet: Optional. (line 14)
* BUILT_SOURCES: Sources. (line 27)
* CC: Program variables. (line 11)
* CCAS <1>: Public macros. (line 75)
* CCAS: Assembly Support. (line 10)
* CCASFLAGS <1>: Public macros. (line 75)
* CCASFLAGS: Assembly Support. (line 10)
* CFLAGS: Program variables. (line 11)
* check_: Uniform. (line 74)
* check_LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Convenience Libraries.
(line 6)
* check_PROGRAMS <1>: Default _SOURCES. (line 29)
* check_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 6)
* check_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 18)
* CLASSPATH_ENV: Java. (line 45)
* CLEANFILES: Clean. (line 13)
* COMPILE: Program variables. (line 44)
* CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES: Rebuilding. (line 19)
* CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES: Rebuilding. (line 19)
* CPPFLAGS <1>: Assembly Support. (line 10)
* CPPFLAGS: Program variables. (line 11)
* CXX: C++ Support. (line 16)
* CXXCOMPILE: C++ Support. (line 25)
* CXXFLAGS: C++ Support. (line 19)
* CXXLINK <1>: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 12)
* CXXLINK: C++ Support. (line 29)
* DATA <1>: Uniform. (line 79)
* DATA: Data. (line 7)
* data_DATA: Data. (line 9)
* DEFS: Program variables. (line 11)
* DEJATOOL: Tests. (line 70)
* DESTDIR <1>: Install. (line 79)
* DESTDIR: DESTDIR. (line 6)
* dist_ <1>: Alternative. (line 30)
* dist_: Dist. (line 53)
* dist_lisp_LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 11)
* dist_noinst_LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 11)
* DIST_SUBDIRS <1>: Dist. (line 41)
* DIST_SUBDIRS: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 84)
* DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS: Dist. (line 117)
* distcleancheck_listfiles <1>: Dist. (line 111)
* distcleancheck_listfiles: distcleancheck. (line 115)
* DISTCLEANFILES <1>: Clean. (line 13)
* DISTCLEANFILES: Dist. (line 133)
* distdir <1>: Dist. (line 89)
* distdir: Third-Party Makefiles.
(line 25)
* distuninstallcheck_listfiles: Dist. (line 111)
* DVIPS: Texinfo. (line 130)
* EMACS: Public macros. (line 60)
* ETAGS_ARGS: Tags. (line 25)
* ETAGSFLAGS: Tags. (line 25)
* EXPECT: Tests. (line 70)
* EXTRA_DIST: Dist. (line 30)
* EXTRA_maude_SOURCES: Program and Library Variables.
(line 53)
* EXTRA_PROGRAMS: Conditional Programs.
(line 15)
* F77: Fortran 77 Support. (line 16)
* F77COMPILE: Fortran 77 Support. (line 31)
* F77LINK: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 14)
* FC: Fortran 9x Support. (line 16)
* FCCOMPILE: Fortran 9x Support. (line 25)
* FCFLAGS: Fortran 9x Support. (line 19)
* FCLINK <1>: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 16)
* FCLINK: Fortran 9x Support. (line 29)
* FFLAGS: Fortran 77 Support. (line 19)
* FLIBS: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 21)
* FLINK: Fortran 77 Support. (line 35)
* GCJ: Public macros. (line 91)
* GCJFLAGS <1>: Public macros. (line 91)
* GCJFLAGS: Java Support. (line 14)
* GCJLINK: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 10)
* GTAGS_ARGS: Tags. (line 49)
* GZIP_ENV: Dist. (line 13)
* HEADERS: Uniform. (line 79)
* host_triplet: Optional. (line 14)
* include_HEADERS: Headers. (line 6)
* INCLUDES: Program variables. (line 32)
* info_TEXINFOS: Texinfo. (line 6)
* JAVA: Uniform. (line 79)
* JAVAC: Java. (line 29)
* JAVACFLAGS: Java. (line 32)
* JAVAROOT: Java. (line 41)
* LDADD: Linking. (line 10)
* LDFLAGS: Program variables. (line 11)
* LFLAGS: Yacc and Lex. (line 56)
* lib_LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 6)
* lib_LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Libraries. (line 6)
* libexec_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 6)
* libexec_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 18)
* LIBOBJS <1>: Optional. (line 68)
* LIBOBJS <2>: LIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LIBOBJS: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LIBRARIES: Uniform. (line 79)
* LIBS: Program variables. (line 11)
* LIBTOOLFLAGS: Libtool Flags. (line 6)
* LINK <1>: Program variables. (line 53)
* LINK: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 22)
* LISP: Uniform. (line 79)
* lisp_LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 6)
* lispdir: Public macros. (line 60)
* localstate_DATA: Data. (line 9)
* LTALLOCA <1>: LIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LTALLOCA: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LTLIBOBJS <1>: LIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LTLIBOBJS: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* MAINTAINERCLEANFILES: Clean. (line 13)
* MAKE: Subdirectories. (line 29)
* MAKEINFO: Texinfo. (line 88)
* MAKEINFOFLAGS: Texinfo. (line 98)
* MAKEINFOHTML: Texinfo. (line 94)
* man_MANS: Man pages. (line 6)
* MANS: Uniform. (line 79)
* maude_AR: Program and Library Variables.
(line 68)
* maude_CCASFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 160)
* maude_CFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 161)
* maude_CPPFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 162)
* maude_CXXFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 163)
* maude_DEPENDENCIES <1>: Linking. (line 41)
* maude_DEPENDENCIES: Program and Library Variables.
(line 118)
* maude_FFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 164)
* maude_GCJFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 165)
* maude_LDADD <1>: Program and Library Variables.
(line 86)
* maude_LDADD: Linking. (line 17)
* maude_LDFLAGS <1>: Program and Library Variables.
(line 106)
* maude_LDFLAGS: Linking. (line 37)
* maude_LFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 166)
* maude_LIBADD <1>: Program and Library Variables.
(line 78)
* maude_LIBADD: A Library. (line 26)
* maude_LIBTOOLFLAGS <1>: Libtool Flags. (line 6)
* maude_LIBTOOLFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 111)
* maude_LINK: Program and Library Variables.
(line 149)
* maude_OBJCFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 167)
* maude_RFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 168)
* maude_SHORTNAME: Program and Library Variables.
(line 201)
* maude_SOURCES: Program and Library Variables.
(line 18)
* maude_UPCFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 169)
* maude_YFLAGS: Program and Library Variables.
(line 170)
* mkdir_p: Obsolete macros. (line 31)
* MKDIR_P: Obsolete macros. (line 31)
* MOSTLYCLEANFILES: Clean. (line 13)
* nobase_: Alternative. (line 24)
* nodist_ <1>: Dist. (line 53)
* nodist_: Alternative. (line 30)
* noinst_: Uniform. (line 69)
* noinst_HEADERS: Headers. (line 23)
* noinst_LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 6)
* noinst_LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 6)
* noinst_LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Convenience Libraries.
(line 6)
* noinst_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 6)
* noinst_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 18)
* OBJC: Objective C Support. (line 16)
* OBJCCOMPILE: Objective C Support. (line 25)
* OBJCFLAGS: Objective C Support. (line 19)
* OBJCLINK <1>: Objective C Support. (line 29)
* OBJCLINK: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 18)
* oldinclude_HEADERS: Headers. (line 6)
* PACKAGE: Dist. (line 9)
* pkgdata_DATA: Data. (line 9)
* pkgdata_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 18)
* pkgdatadir: Uniform. (line 19)
* pkginclude_HEADERS: Headers. (line 6)
* pkgincludedir: Uniform. (line 19)
* pkglib_LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 6)
* pkglib_LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Libraries. (line 6)
* pkglib_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 6)
* pkglibdir: Uniform. (line 19)
* pkgpyexecdir: Python. (line 100)
* pkgpythondir: Python. (line 86)
* PROGRAMS: Uniform. (line 79)
* pyexecdir: Python. (line 91)
* PYTHON <1>: Uniform. (line 79)
* PYTHON: Python. (line 51)
* PYTHON_EXEC_PREFIX: Python. (line 72)
* PYTHON_PLATFORM: Python. (line 77)
* PYTHON_PREFIX: Python. (line 67)
* PYTHON_VERSION: Python. (line 63)
* pythondir: Python. (line 82)
* RFLAGS: Fortran 77 Support. (line 25)
* RUNTEST: Tests. (line 70)
* RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS: Tests. (line 65)
* RUNTESTFLAGS: Tests. (line 75)
* sbin_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 6)
* sbin_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 18)
* SCRIPTS <1>: Scripts. (line 9)
* SCRIPTS: Uniform. (line 79)
* sharedstate_DATA: Data. (line 9)
* SOURCES <1>: Program Sources. (line 33)
* SOURCES: Default _SOURCES. (line 6)
* SUBDIRS <1>: Dist. (line 41)
* SUBDIRS: Subdirectories. (line 8)
* SUFFIXES: Suffixes. (line 6)
* sysconf_DATA: Data. (line 9)
* TAGS_DEPENDENCIES: Tags. (line 35)
* target_triplet: Optional. (line 14)
* TESTS: Tests. (line 24)
* TESTS_ENVIRONMENT: Tests. (line 24)
* TEXI2DVI: Texinfo. (line 121)
* TEXI2PDF: Texinfo. (line 126)
* TEXINFO_TEX: Texinfo. (line 134)
* TEXINFOS <1>: Texinfo. (line 59)
* TEXINFOS: Uniform. (line 79)
* top_distdir <1>: Third-Party Makefiles.
(line 25)
* top_distdir: Dist. (line 89)
* U: Obsolete macros. (line 13)
* UPC <1>: Unified Parallel C Support.
(line 15)
* UPC: Public macros. (line 96)
* UPCCOMPILE: Unified Parallel C Support.
(line 24)
* UPCFLAGS: Unified Parallel C Support.
(line 18)
* UPCLINK <1>: Unified Parallel C Support.
(line 28)
* UPCLINK: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 20)
* VERSION: Dist. (line 9)
* WARNINGS <1>: Invoking Automake. (line 164)
* WARNINGS: aclocal options. (line 85)
* WITH_DMALLOC: Public macros. (line 102)
* WITH_REGEX: Public macros. (line 107)
* XFAIL_TESTS: Tests. (line 36)
* YACC: Optional. (line 114)
* YFLAGS: Yacc and Lex. (line 33)
File: automake-1.10.info, Node: General Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indices
B.3 General Index
=================
[index ]
* Menu:
* ## (special Automake comment): General Operation. (line 54)
* #serial syntax: Serials. (line 6)
* $(LIBOBJS) and empty libraries: LIBOBJS. (line 69)
* +=: General Operation. (line 23)
* --acdir: aclocal options. (line 9)
* --add-missing: Invoking Automake. (line 41)
* --build=BUILD: Cross-Compilation. (line 14)
* --copy: Invoking Automake. (line 63)
* --cygnus: Invoking Automake. (line 67)
* --diff: aclocal options. (line 13)
* --disable-dependency-tracking: Dependency Tracking. (line 29)
* --dry-run: aclocal options. (line 18)
* --enable-debug, example: Conditionals. (line 26)
* --enable-dependency-tracking: Dependency Tracking. (line 39)
* --enable-maintainer-mode: Optional. (line 158)
* --force: aclocal options. (line 39)
* --force-missing: Invoking Automake. (line 72)
* --foreign: Invoking Automake. (line 78)
* --gnits: Invoking Automake. (line 82)
* --gnits, complete description: Gnits. (line 21)
* --gnu: Invoking Automake. (line 86)
* --gnu, complete description: Gnits. (line 6)
* --gnu, required files: Gnits. (line 6)
* --help <1>: Invoking Automake. (line 90)
* --help: aclocal options. (line 22)
* --help check: Options. (line 118)
* --help=recursive: Nested Packages. (line 30)
* --host=HOST: Cross-Compilation. (line 17)
* --include-deps: Invoking Automake. (line 98)
* --install: aclocal options. (line 29)
* --libdir: Invoking Automake. (line 58)
* --no-force: Invoking Automake. (line 103)
* --output: aclocal options. (line 49)
* --output-dir: Invoking Automake. (line 110)
* --prefix: Standard Directory Variables.
(line 33)
* --print-ac-dir: aclocal options. (line 52)
* --program-prefix=PREFIX: Renaming. (line 16)
* --program-suffix=SUFFIX: Renaming. (line 19)
* --program-transform-name=PROGRAM: Renaming. (line 22)
* --target=TARGET: Cross-Compilation. (line 56)
* --verbose <1>: Invoking Automake. (line 117)
* --verbose: aclocal options. (line 58)
* --version <1>: Invoking Automake. (line 121)
* --version: aclocal options. (line 61)
* --version check: Options. (line 118)
* --warnings <1>: aclocal options. (line 66)
* --warnings: Invoking Automake. (line 126)
* --with-dmalloc: Public macros. (line 102)
* --with-regex: Public macros. (line 107)
* -a: Invoking Automake. (line 41)
* -c: Invoking Automake. (line 62)
* -f: Invoking Automake. (line 71)
* -hook targets: Extending. (line 61)
* -i: Invoking Automake. (line 94)
* -I: aclocal options. (line 25)
* -l and LDADD: Linking. (line 66)
* -local targets: Extending. (line 36)
* -module, libtool: Libtool Modules. (line 6)
* -o: Invoking Automake. (line 110)
* -v: Invoking Automake. (line 117)
* -W <1>: Invoking Automake. (line 126)
* -W: aclocal options. (line 66)
* -Wall: amhello Explained. (line 38)
* -Werror: amhello Explained. (line 38)
* .la suffix, defined: Libtool Concept. (line 6)
* _DATA primary, defined: Data. (line 6)
* _DEPENDENCIES, defined: Linking. (line 41)
* _HEADERS primary, defined: Headers. (line 6)
* _JAVA primary, defined: Java. (line 6)
* _LDFLAGS, defined: Linking. (line 37)
* _LDFLAGS, libtool: Libtool Flags. (line 6)
* _LIBADD, libtool: Libtool Flags. (line 6)
* _LIBRARIES primary, defined: A Library. (line 6)
* _LIBTOOLFLAGS, libtool: Libtool Flags. (line 6)
* _LISP primary, defined: Emacs Lisp. (line 6)
* _LTLIBRARIES primary, defined: Libtool Libraries. (line 6)
* _MANS primary, defined: Man pages. (line 6)
* _PROGRAMS primary variable: Uniform. (line 11)
* _PYTHON primary, defined: Python. (line 6)
* _SCRIPTS primary, defined: Scripts. (line 6)
* _SOURCES and header files: Program Sources. (line 39)
* _SOURCES primary, defined: Program Sources. (line 32)
* _SOURCES, default: Default _SOURCES. (line 6)
* _SOURCES, empty: Default _SOURCES. (line 43)
* _TEXINFOS primary, defined: Texinfo. (line 6)
* AC_SUBST and SUBDIRS: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 95)
* acinclude.m4, defined: Complete. (line 23)
* aclocal and serial numbers: Serials. (line 6)
* aclocal program, introduction: Complete. (line 23)
* aclocal search path: Macro search path. (line 6)
* aclocal's scheduled death: Future of aclocal. (line 6)
* aclocal, extending: Extending aclocal. (line 6)
* aclocal, Invoking: Invoking aclocal. (line 6)
* aclocal, Options: aclocal options. (line 6)
* aclocal.m4, preexisting: Complete. (line 23)
* Adding new SUFFIXES: Suffixes. (line 6)
* all <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* all: Standard Targets. (line 16)
* all-local: Extending. (line 40)
* ALLOCA, and Libtool: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* ALLOCA, example: LIBOBJS. (line 6)
* ALLOCA, special handling: LIBOBJS. (line 6)
* AM_CCASFLAGS and CCASFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_CFLAGS and CFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_CONDITIONAL and SUBDIRS: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 65)
* AM_CPPFLAGS and CPPFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_CXXFLAGS and CXXFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_FCFLAGS and FCFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_FFLAGS and FFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_GCJFLAGS and GCJFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE, example use: Complete. (line 11)
* AM_LDFLAGS and LDFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_LFLAGS and LFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS and LIBTOOLFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_MAINTAINER_MODE, purpose: maintainer-mode. (line 36)
* AM_OBJCFLAGS and OBJCFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_RFLAGS and RFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_UPCFLAGS and UPCFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* AM_YFLAGS and YFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* amhello-1.0.tar.gz, creation: Hello World. (line 6)
* amhello-1.0.tar.gz, location: Use Cases. (line 6)
* amhello-1.0.tar.gz, use cases: Use Cases. (line 6)
* ansi2knr <1>: ANSI. (line 21)
* ansi2knr: Options. (line 22)
* ansi2knr and LIBOBJS: ANSI. (line 56)
* ansi2knr and LTLIBOBJS: ANSI. (line 56)
* Append operator: General Operation. (line 23)
* autogen.sh and autoreconf: Libtool Issues. (line 9)
* autom4te: Invoking aclocal. (line 45)
* Automake constraints: Introduction. (line 22)
* automake options: Invoking Automake. (line 37)
* Automake requirements <1>: Requirements. (line 6)
* Automake requirements: Introduction. (line 27)
* automake, invoking: Invoking Automake. (line 6)
* Automake, recursive operation: General Operation. (line 44)
* Automatic dependency tracking: Dependencies. (line 11)
* Automatic linker selection: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 6)
* autoreconf and libtoolize: Libtool Issues. (line 9)
* autoreconf, example: Creating amhello. (line 59)
* autoscan: amhello Explained. (line 90)
* Autotools, introduction: GNU Build System. (line 43)
* Autotools, purpose: Why Autotools. (line 6)
* autoupdate: Obsolete macros. (line 6)
* Auxiliary programs: Auxiliary Programs. (line 6)
* Avoiding path stripping: Alternative. (line 24)
* Binary package: DESTDIR. (line 22)
* bootstrap.sh and autoreconf: Libtool Issues. (line 9)
* Bugs, reporting: Introduction. (line 31)
* build tree and source tree: VPATH Builds. (line 6)
* BUILT_SOURCES, defined: Sources. (line 27)
* C++ support: C++ Support. (line 6)
* canonicalizing Automake variables: Canonicalization. (line 6)
* CCASFLAGS and AM_CCASFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* CFLAGS and AM_CFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* cfortran: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 6)
* check <1>: Tests. (line 6)
* check <2>: Standard Targets. (line 37)
* check: Extending. (line 40)
* check-local: Extending. (line 40)
* check-news: Options. (line 29)
* check_ primary prefix, definition: Uniform. (line 74)
* check_PROGRAMS example: Default _SOURCES. (line 29)
* clean <1>: Standard Targets. (line 31)
* clean: Extending. (line 40)
* clean-local <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* clean-local: Clean. (line 15)
* Comment, special to Automake: General Operation. (line 54)
* Compile Flag Variables: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* Complete example: Complete. (line 6)
* Conditional example, --enable-debug: Conditionals. (line 26)
* conditional libtool libraries: Conditional Libtool Libraries.
(line 6)
* Conditional programs: Conditional Programs.
(line 6)
* Conditional subdirectories: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 6)
* Conditional SUBDIRS: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 6)
* Conditionals: Conditionals. (line 6)
* config.guess: Invoking Automake. (line 39)
* config.site example: config.site. (line 6)
* configuration variables, overriding: Standard Configuration Variables.
(line 6)
* Configuration, basics: Basic Installation. (line 6)
* configure.ac, scanning: configure. (line 6)
* conflicting definitions: Extending. (line 14)
* Constraints of Automake: Introduction. (line 22)
* convenience libraries, libtool: Libtool Convenience Libraries.
(line 6)
* copying semantics: Extending. (line 10)
* cpio example: Uniform. (line 36)
* CPPFLAGS and AM_CPPFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* cross-compilation: Cross-Compilation. (line 6)
* cross-compilation example: Cross-Compilation. (line 26)
* CVS and generated files: CVS. (line 49)
* CVS and third-party files: CVS. (line 140)
* CVS and timestamps: CVS. (line 28)
* cvs-dist: General Operation. (line 12)
* cvs-dist, non-standard example: General Operation. (line 12)
* CXXFLAGS and AM_CXXFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* cygnus: Options. (line 17)
* cygnus strictness: Cygnus. (line 6)
* DATA primary, defined: Data. (line 6)
* de-ANSI-fication, defined: ANSI. (line 6)
* debug build, example: VPATH Builds. (line 47)
* default _SOURCES: Default _SOURCES. (line 6)
* default source, Libtool modules example: Default _SOURCES. (line 37)
* definitions, conflicts: Extending. (line 14)
* dejagnu <1>: Tests. (line 70)
* dejagnu: Options. (line 33)
* depcomp: Dependencies. (line 22)
* dependencies and distributed files: distcleancheck. (line 6)
* Dependency tracking <1>: Dependency Tracking. (line 6)
* Dependency tracking: Dependencies. (line 11)
* Dependency tracking, disabling: Dependencies. (line 37)
* directory variables: Standard Directory Variables.
(line 6)
* dirlist: Macro search path. (line 62)
* Disabling dependency tracking: Dependencies. (line 37)
* dist <1>: Standard Targets. (line 43)
* dist: Dist. (line 9)
* dist-bzip2 <1>: Dist. (line 192)
* dist-bzip2: Options. (line 36)
* dist-gzip: Dist. (line 195)
* dist-hook <1>: Dist. (line 71)
* dist-hook: Extending. (line 64)
* dist-lzma <1>: Options. (line 39)
* dist-lzma <2>: Dist. (line 199)
* dist-lzma: Options. (line 39)
* dist-shar <1>: Dist. (line 202)
* dist-shar: Options. (line 42)
* dist-tarZ <1>: Options. (line 48)
* dist-tarZ: Dist. (line 208)
* dist-zip <1>: Dist. (line 205)
* dist-zip: Options. (line 45)
* dist_ and nobase_: Alternative. (line 30)
* DIST_SUBDIRS, explained: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 34)
* distcheck <1>: Dist. (line 111)
* distcheck: Creating amhello. (line 99)
* distcheck better than dist: Preparing Distributions.
(line 10)
* distcheck example: Creating amhello. (line 99)
* distcheck-hook: Dist. (line 122)
* distclean <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* distclean <2>: distcleancheck. (line 6)
* distclean: Standard Targets. (line 34)
* distclean, diagnostic: distcleancheck. (line 6)
* distclean-local <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* distclean-local: Clean. (line 15)
* distcleancheck <1>: Dist. (line 133)
* distcleancheck: distcleancheck. (line 6)
* distdir: Third-Party Makefiles.
(line 25)
* Distributions, preparation: Preparing Distributions.
(line 6)
* dmalloc, support for: Public macros. (line 102)
* dvi <1>: Texinfo. (line 19)
* dvi: Extending. (line 40)
* DVI output using Texinfo: Texinfo. (line 6)
* dvi-local: Extending. (line 40)
* E-mail, bug reports: Introduction. (line 31)
* EDITION Texinfo flag: Texinfo. (line 29)
* else: Conditionals. (line 41)
* empty _SOURCES: Default _SOURCES. (line 43)
* Empty libraries: A Library. (line 46)
* Empty libraries and $(LIBOBJS): LIBOBJS. (line 69)
* endif: Conditionals. (line 41)
* Example conditional --enable-debug: Conditionals. (line 26)
* Example Hello World: Hello World. (line 6)
* Example of recursive operation: General Operation. (line 44)
* Example of shared libraries: Libtool Libraries. (line 6)
* Example, EXTRA_PROGRAMS: Uniform. (line 36)
* Example, false and true: true. (line 6)
* Example, mixed language: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 36)
* Executable extension: EXEEXT. (line 6)
* Exit status 77, special interpretation: Tests. (line 19)
* Expected test failure: Tests. (line 34)
* Extending aclocal: Extending aclocal. (line 6)
* Extending list of installation directories: Uniform. (line 55)
* Extension, executable: EXEEXT. (line 6)
* Extra files distributed with Automake: Invoking Automake. (line 39)
* EXTRA_, prepending: Uniform. (line 29)
* EXTRA_prog_SOURCES, defined: Conditional Sources. (line 18)
* EXTRA_PROGRAMS, defined <1>: Conditional Programs.
(line 15)
* EXTRA_PROGRAMS, defined: Uniform. (line 36)
* false Example: true. (line 6)
* FCFLAGS and AM_FCFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* Features of the GNU Build System: Use Cases. (line 6)
* FFLAGS and AM_FFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* file names, limitations on: limitations on file names.
(line 6)
* filename-length-max=99: Options. (line 51)
* Files distributed with Automake: Invoking Automake. (line 39)
* First line of Makefile.am: General Operation. (line 60)
* Flag variables, ordering: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 6)
* Flag Variables, Ordering: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* FLIBS, defined: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 21)
* foreign <1>: Options. (line 17)
* foreign: amhello Explained. (line 38)
* foreign strictness: Strictness. (line 10)
* Fortran 77 support: Fortran 77 Support. (line 6)
* Fortran 77, mixing with C and C++: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 6)
* Fortran 77, Preprocessing: Preprocessing Fortran 77.
(line 6)
* Fortran 9x support: Fortran 9x Support. (line 6)
* GCJFLAGS and AM_GCJFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* generated files and CVS: CVS. (line 49)
* generated files, distributed: CVS. (line 9)
* Gettext support: gettext. (line 6)
* git-dist: General Operation. (line 12)
* gnits: Options. (line 17)
* gnits strictness: Strictness. (line 10)
* gnu: Options. (line 17)
* GNU Build System, basics: Basic Installation. (line 6)
* GNU Build System, features: Use Cases. (line 6)
* GNU Build System, introduction: GNU Build System. (line 6)
* GNU Build System, use cases: Use Cases. (line 6)
* GNU Coding Standards: GNU Build System. (line 29)
* GNU Gettext support: gettext. (line 6)
* GNU make extensions: General Operation. (line 19)
* GNU Makefile standards: Introduction. (line 12)
* gnu strictness: Strictness. (line 10)
* GNUmakefile including Makefile: Third-Party Makefiles.
(line 112)
* Header files in _SOURCES: Program Sources. (line 39)
* HEADERS primary, defined: Headers. (line 6)
* HEADERS, installation directories: Headers. (line 6)
* Hello World example: Hello World. (line 6)
* hook targets: Extending. (line 61)
* HP-UX 10, lex problems: Public macros. (line 86)
* html <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* html: Texinfo. (line 19)
* HTML output using Texinfo: Texinfo. (line 6)
* html-local: Extending. (line 40)
* id: Tags. (line 44)
* if: Conditionals. (line 41)
* include <1>: Dist. (line 17)
* include: Include. (line 6)
* include, distribution: Dist. (line 17)
* Including Makefile fragment: Include. (line 6)
* info <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* info: Options. (line 92)
* info-local: Extending. (line 40)
* install <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* install <2>: Install. (line 45)
* install: Standard Targets. (line 19)
* Install hook: Install. (line 74)
* Install, two parts of: Install. (line 45)
* install-data <1>: Install. (line 45)
* install-data <2>: Two-Part Install. (line 16)
* install-data: Extending. (line 40)
* install-data-hook: Extending. (line 64)
* install-data-local <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* install-data-local: Install. (line 68)
* install-dvi <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* install-dvi: Texinfo. (line 19)
* install-dvi-local: Extending. (line 40)
* install-exec <1>: Install. (line 45)
* install-exec <2>: Two-Part Install. (line 16)
* install-exec: Extending. (line 40)
* install-exec-hook: Extending. (line 64)
* install-exec-local <1>: Install. (line 68)
* install-exec-local: Extending. (line 40)
* install-html <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* install-html: Texinfo. (line 19)
* install-html-local: Extending. (line 40)
* install-info <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* install-info <2>: Texinfo. (line 79)
* install-info: Options. (line 92)
* install-info target: Texinfo. (line 79)
* install-info-local: Extending. (line 40)
* install-man <1>: Options. (line 98)
* install-man: Man pages. (line 32)
* install-man target: Man pages. (line 32)
* install-pdf <1>: Texinfo. (line 19)
* install-pdf: Extending. (line 40)
* install-pdf-local: Extending. (line 40)
* install-ps <1>: Texinfo. (line 19)
* install-ps: Extending. (line 40)
* install-ps-local: Extending. (line 40)
* install-strip <1>: Standard Targets. (line 23)
* install-strip: Install. (line 110)
* Installation directories, extending list: Uniform. (line 55)
* Installation support: Install. (line 6)
* Installation, basics: Basic Installation. (line 6)
* installcheck <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* installcheck: Standard Targets. (line 40)
* installcheck-local: Extending. (line 40)
* installdirs <1>: Install. (line 110)
* installdirs: Extending. (line 40)
* installdirs-local: Extending. (line 40)
* Installing headers: Headers. (line 6)
* Installing scripts: Scripts. (line 6)
* installing versioned binaries: Extending. (line 80)
* Interfacing with third-party packages: Third-Party Makefiles.
(line 6)
* Invoking aclocal: Invoking aclocal. (line 6)
* Invoking automake: Invoking Automake. (line 6)
* JAVA primary, defined: Java. (line 6)
* JAVA restrictions: Java. (line 19)
* Java support: Java Support. (line 6)
* LDADD and -l: Linking. (line 66)
* LDFLAGS and AM_LDFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* lex problems with HP-UX 10: Public macros. (line 86)
* lex, multiple lexers: Yacc and Lex. (line 64)
* LFLAGS and AM_LFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* libltdl, introduction: Libtool Concept. (line 30)
* LIBOBJS and ansi2knr: ANSI. (line 56)
* LIBOBJS, and Libtool: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LIBOBJS, example: LIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LIBOBJS, special handling: LIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LIBRARIES primary, defined: A Library. (line 6)
* libtool convenience libraries: Libtool Convenience Libraries.
(line 6)
* libtool libraries, conditional: Conditional Libtool Libraries.
(line 6)
* libtool library, definition: Libtool Concept. (line 6)
* libtool modules: Libtool Modules. (line 6)
* Libtool modules, default source example: Default _SOURCES. (line 37)
* libtool, introduction: Libtool Concept. (line 6)
* LIBTOOLFLAGS and AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* libtoolize and autoreconf: Libtool Issues. (line 9)
* libtoolize, no longer run by automake: Libtool Issues. (line 9)
* Linking Fortran 77 with C and C++: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 6)
* LISP primary, defined: Emacs Lisp. (line 6)
* LN_S example: Extending. (line 80)
* local targets: Extending. (line 36)
* LTALLOCA, special handling: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LTLIBOBJS and ansi2knr: ANSI. (line 56)
* LTLIBOBJS, special handling: LTLIBOBJS. (line 6)
* LTLIBRARIES primary, defined: Libtool Libraries. (line 6)
* ltmain.sh not found: Libtool Issues. (line 9)
* m4_include, distribution: Dist. (line 17)
* Macro search path: Macro search path. (line 6)
* macro serial numbers: Serials. (line 6)
* Macros Automake recognizes: Optional. (line 6)
* maintainer-clean-local: Clean. (line 15)
* make check: Tests. (line 6)
* make clean support: Clean. (line 6)
* make dist: Dist. (line 9)
* make distcheck: Dist. (line 111)
* make distclean, diagnostic: distcleancheck. (line 6)
* make distcleancheck: Dist. (line 111)
* make distuninstallcheck: Dist. (line 111)
* make install support: Install. (line 6)
* make installcheck, testing --help and --version: Options. (line 118)
* Make rules, overriding: General Operation. (line 32)
* Make targets, overriding: General Operation. (line 32)
* Makefile fragment, including: Include. (line 6)
* Makefile.am, first line: General Operation. (line 60)
* Makefile.am, Hello World: amhello Explained. (line 96)
* MANS primary, defined: Man pages. (line 6)
* many outputs, rules with: Multiple Outputs. (line 6)
* mdate-sh: Texinfo. (line 29)
* MinGW cross-compilation example: Cross-Compilation. (line 26)
* missing, purpose: maintainer-mode. (line 9)
* Mixed language example: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 36)
* Mixing Fortran 77 with C and C++: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 6)
* Mixing Fortran 77 with C and/or C++: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++.
(line 6)
* mkdir -p, macro check: Obsolete macros. (line 31)
* modules, libtool: Libtool Modules. (line 6)
* mostlyclean: Extending. (line 40)
* mostlyclean-local <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* mostlyclean-local: Clean. (line 15)
* multiple configurations, example: VPATH Builds. (line 47)
* Multiple configure.ac files: Invoking Automake. (line 6)
* Multiple lex lexers: Yacc and Lex. (line 64)
* multiple outputs, rules with: Multiple Outputs. (line 6)
* Multiple yacc parsers: Yacc and Lex. (line 64)
* Nested packages: Nested Packages. (line 6)
* Nesting packages: Subpackages. (line 6)
* no-define <1>: Public macros. (line 54)
* no-define: Options. (line 60)
* no-dependencies <1>: Options. (line 65)
* no-dependencies: Dependencies. (line 34)
* no-dist: Options. (line 72)
* no-dist-gzip: Options. (line 76)
* no-exeext: Options. (line 79)
* no-installinfo <1>: Options. (line 89)
* no-installinfo: Texinfo. (line 79)
* no-installinfo option: Texinfo. (line 79)
* no-installman <1>: Man pages. (line 32)
* no-installman: Options. (line 95)
* no-installman option: Man pages. (line 32)
* no-texinfo.tex: Options. (line 105)
* nobase_ and dist_ or nodist_: Alternative. (line 30)
* nobase_ prefix: Alternative. (line 24)
* nodist_ and nobase_: Alternative. (line 30)
* noinst_ primary prefix, definition: Uniform. (line 69)
* Non-GNU packages: Strictness. (line 6)
* Non-standard targets: General Operation. (line 12)
* nostdinc: Options. (line 101)
* OBJCFLAGS and AM_OBJCFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* Objective C support: Objective C Support. (line 6)
* Objects in subdirectory: Program and Library Variables.
(line 51)
* obsolete macros: Obsolete macros. (line 6)
* optimized build, example: VPATH Builds. (line 47)
* Option, --warnings=CATEGORY: Options. (line 200)
* Option, -WCATEGORY: Options. (line 200)
* Option, ansi2knr: Options. (line 22)
* Option, check-news: Options. (line 29)
* Option, cygnus: Options. (line 17)
* Option, dejagnu: Options. (line 33)
* Option, dist-bzip2: Options. (line 36)
* Option, dist-lzma: Options. (line 39)
* Option, dist-shar: Options. (line 42)
* Option, dist-tarZ: Options. (line 48)
* Option, dist-zip: Options. (line 45)
* Option, filename-length-max=99: Options. (line 51)
* Option, foreign: Options. (line 17)
* Option, gnits: Options. (line 17)
* Option, gnu: Options. (line 17)
* Option, no-define: Options. (line 60)
* Option, no-dependencies: Options. (line 65)
* Option, no-dist: Options. (line 72)
* Option, no-dist-gzip: Options. (line 76)
* Option, no-exeext: Options. (line 79)
* Option, no-installinfo <1>: Texinfo. (line 79)
* Option, no-installinfo: Options. (line 89)
* Option, no-installman <1>: Options. (line 95)
* Option, no-installman: Man pages. (line 32)
* Option, no-texinfo.tex: Options. (line 105)
* Option, nostdinc: Options. (line 101)
* Option, readme-alpha: Options. (line 109)
* Option, tar-pax: Options. (line 150)
* Option, tar-ustar: Options. (line 150)
* Option, tar-v7: Options. (line 150)
* Option, VERSION: Options. (line 195)
* Option, warnings: Options. (line 200)
* Options, aclocal: aclocal options. (line 6)
* Options, automake: Invoking Automake. (line 37)
* Options, std-options: Options. (line 118)
* Options, subdir-objects: Options. (line 138)
* Ordering flag variables: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 6)
* Overriding make rules: General Operation. (line 32)
* Overriding make targets: General Operation. (line 32)
* Overriding make variables: General Operation. (line 37)
* overriding rules: Extending. (line 25)
* overriding semantics: Extending. (line 25)
* PACKAGE, directory: Uniform. (line 19)
* PACKAGE, prevent definition: Public macros. (line 54)
* Packages, nested: Nested Packages. (line 6)
* Packages, preparation: Preparing Distributions.
(line 6)
* Parallel build trees: VPATH Builds. (line 6)
* Path stripping, avoiding: Alternative. (line 24)
* pax format: Options. (line 150)
* pdf <1>: Extending. (line 40)
* pdf: Texinfo. (line 19)
* PDF output using Texinfo: Texinfo. (line 6)
* pdf-local: Extending. (line 40)
* Per-object flags, emulated: Per-Object Flags. (line 6)
* per-target compilation flags, defined: Program and Library Variables.
(line 171)
* pkgdatadir, defined: Uniform. (line 19)
* pkgincludedir, defined: Uniform. (line 19)
* pkglibdir, defined: Uniform. (line 19)
* POSIX termios headers: Obsolete macros. (line 53)
* Preparing distributions: Preparing Distributions.
(line 6)
* Preprocessing Fortran 77: Preprocessing Fortran 77.
(line 6)
* Primary variable, DATA: Data. (line 6)
* Primary variable, defined: Uniform. (line 11)
* Primary variable, HEADERS: Headers. (line 6)
* Primary variable, JAVA: Java. (line 6)
* Primary variable, LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 6)
* Primary variable, LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 6)
* Primary variable, LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Libraries. (line 6)
* Primary variable, MANS: Man pages. (line 6)
* Primary variable, PROGRAMS: Uniform. (line 11)
* Primary variable, PYTHON: Python. (line 6)
* Primary variable, SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 6)
* Primary variable, SOURCES: Program Sources. (line 32)
* Primary variable, TEXINFOS: Texinfo. (line 6)
* prog_LDADD, defined: Linking. (line 12)
* PROGRAMS primary variable: Uniform. (line 11)
* Programs, auxiliary: Auxiliary Programs. (line 6)
* PROGRAMS, bindir: Program Sources. (line 6)
* Programs, conditional: Conditional Programs.
(line 6)
* Programs, renaming during installation: Renaming. (line 6)
* Proxy Makefile for third-party packages: Third-Party Makefiles.
(line 129)
* ps <1>: Texinfo. (line 19)
* ps: Extending. (line 40)
* PS output using Texinfo: Texinfo. (line 6)
* ps-local: Extending. (line 40)
* PYTHON primary, defined: Python. (line 6)
* Ratfor programs: Preprocessing Fortran 77.
(line 6)
* read-only source tree: VPATH Builds. (line 90)
* readme-alpha: Options. (line 109)
* README-alpha: Gnits. (line 34)
* rebuild rules <1>: CVS. (line 9)
* rebuild rules: Rebuilding. (line 6)
* Recognized macros by Automake: Optional. (line 6)
* Recursive operation of Automake: General Operation. (line 44)
* recursive targets and third-party Makefiles: Third-Party Makefiles.
(line 15)
* regex package: Public macros. (line 107)
* Renaming programs: Renaming. (line 6)
* Reporting bugs: Introduction. (line 31)
* Requirements of Automake: Requirements. (line 6)
* Requirements, Automake: Introduction. (line 27)
* Restrictions for JAVA: Java. (line 19)
* RFLAGS and AM_RFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* rules with multiple outputs: Multiple Outputs. (line 6)
* rules, conflicting: Extending. (line 14)
* rules, overriding: Extending. (line 25)
* rx package: Public macros. (line 107)
* Scanning configure.ac: configure. (line 6)
* SCRIPTS primary, defined: Scripts. (line 6)
* SCRIPTS, installation directories: Scripts. (line 18)
* Selecting the linker automatically: How the Linker is Chosen.
(line 6)
* serial number and --install: aclocal options. (line 32)
* serial numbers in macros: Serials. (line 6)
* Shared libraries, support for: A Shared Library. (line 6)
* site.exp: Tests. (line 77)
* source tree and build tree: VPATH Builds. (line 6)
* source tree, read-only: VPATH Builds. (line 90)
* SOURCES primary, defined: Program Sources. (line 32)
* Special Automake comment: General Operation. (line 54)
* Staged installation: DESTDIR. (line 14)
* std-options: Options. (line 118)
* Strictness, command line: Invoking Automake. (line 37)
* Strictness, defined: Strictness. (line 10)
* Strictness, foreign: Strictness. (line 10)
* Strictness, gnits: Strictness. (line 10)
* Strictness, gnu: Strictness. (line 10)
* su, before make install: Basic Installation. (line 50)
* subdir-objects: Options. (line 138)
* Subdirectories, building conditionally: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 6)
* Subdirectories, configured conditionally: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 119)
* Subdirectories, not distributed: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 170)
* Subdirectory, objects in: Program and Library Variables.
(line 51)
* SUBDIRS and AC_SUBST: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 95)
* SUBDIRS and AM_CONDITIONAL: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 65)
* SUBDIRS, conditional: Conditional Subdirectories.
(line 6)
* SUBDIRS, explained: Subdirectories. (line 6)
* Subpackages <1>: Nested Packages. (line 6)
* Subpackages: Subpackages. (line 6)
* suffix .la, defined: Libtool Concept. (line 6)
* suffix .lo, defined: Libtool Concept. (line 15)
* SUFFIXES, adding: Suffixes. (line 6)
* Support for C++: C++ Support. (line 6)
* Support for Fortran 77: Fortran 77 Support. (line 6)
* Support for Fortran 9x: Fortran 9x Support. (line 6)
* Support for GNU Gettext: gettext. (line 6)
* Support for Java: Java Support. (line 6)
* Support for Objective C: Objective C Support. (line 6)
* Support for Unified Parallel C: Unified Parallel C Support.
(line 6)
* tags: Tags. (line 9)
* TAGS support: Tags. (line 6)
* tar formats: Options. (line 150)
* tar-pax: Options. (line 150)
* tar-ustar: Options. (line 150)
* tar-v7: Options. (line 150)
* Target, install-info: Texinfo. (line 79)
* Target, install-man: Man pages. (line 32)
* termios POSIX headers: Obsolete macros. (line 53)
* Test suites: Tests. (line 6)
* Tests, expected failure: Tests. (line 34)
* Texinfo flag, EDITION: Texinfo. (line 29)
* Texinfo flag, UPDATED: Texinfo. (line 29)
* Texinfo flag, UPDATED-MONTH: Texinfo. (line 29)
* Texinfo flag, VERSION: Texinfo. (line 29)
* texinfo.tex: Texinfo. (line 64)
* TEXINFOS primary, defined: Texinfo. (line 6)
* third-party files and CVS: CVS. (line 140)
* Third-party packages, interfacing with: Third-Party Makefiles.
(line 6)
* timestamps and CVS: CVS. (line 28)
* Transforming program names: Renaming. (line 6)
* trees, source vs. build: VPATH Builds. (line 6)
* true Example: true. (line 6)
* underquoted AC_DEFUN: Extending aclocal. (line 33)
* Unified Parallel C support: Unified Parallel C Support.
(line 6)
* Uniform naming scheme: Uniform. (line 6)
* uninstall <1>: Install. (line 110)
* uninstall <2>: Standard Targets. (line 27)
* uninstall: Extending. (line 40)
* uninstall-hook: Extending. (line 64)
* uninstall-local: Extending. (line 40)
* Unpacking: Basic Installation. (line 27)
* UPCFLAGS and AM_UPCFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* UPDATED Texinfo flag: Texinfo. (line 29)
* UPDATED-MONTH Texinfo flag: Texinfo. (line 29)
* Use Cases for the GNU Build System: Use Cases. (line 6)
* user variables: User Variables. (line 6)
* ustar format: Options. (line 150)
* v7 tar format: Options. (line 150)
* variables, conflicting: Extending. (line 14)
* Variables, overriding: General Operation. (line 37)
* variables, reserved for the user: User Variables. (line 6)
* VERSION Texinfo flag: Texinfo. (line 29)
* VERSION, prevent definition: Public macros. (line 54)
* version.m4, example: Rebuilding. (line 19)
* version.sh, example: Rebuilding. (line 19)
* versioned binaries, installing: Extending. (line 80)
* VPATH builds: VPATH Builds. (line 6)
* wildcards: wildcards. (line 6)
* Windows: EXEEXT. (line 6)
* yacc, multiple parsers: Yacc and Lex. (line 64)
* YFLAGS and AM_YFLAGS: Flag Variables Ordering.
(line 20)
* ylwrap: Yacc and Lex. (line 64)
* zardoz example: Complete. (line 35)
Tag Table:
Node: Top935
Node: Introduction11388
Ref: Introduction-Footnote-112872
Ref: Introduction-Footnote-213021
Node: Autotools Introduction13278
Node: GNU Build System14649
Node: Use Cases17321
Node: Basic Installation19431
Node: Standard Targets22903
Node: Standard Directory Variables24402
Node: Standard Configuration Variables26168
Node: config.site27490
Node: VPATH Builds28877
Node: Two-Part Install32768
Node: Cross-Compilation35160
Node: Renaming38057
Node: DESTDIR39148
Node: Preparing Distributions41263
Node: Dependency Tracking43200
Node: Nested Packages45071
Node: Why Autotools46569
Node: Hello World48197
Node: Creating amhello48769
Node: amhello Explained53889
Node: Generalities61463
Node: General Operation62086
Node: Strictness64739
Node: Uniform66477
Node: Canonicalization70288
Node: User Variables71326
Node: Auxiliary Programs72776
Node: Examples76538
Node: Complete77407
Node: true79399
Node: Invoking Automake82145
Node: configure88623
Node: Requirements89487
Node: Optional94342
Node: Invoking aclocal101817
Node: aclocal options104891
Node: Macro search path107629
Node: Extending aclocal112044
Node: Local Macros115451
Node: Serials119954
Node: Future of aclocal125083
Node: Macros127356
Node: Public macros127889
Node: Obsolete macros132967
Node: Private macros135555
Node: Directories136963
Node: Subdirectories137906
Node: Conditional Subdirectories140215
Node: Alternative147746
Ref: Alternative-Footnote-1149676
Node: Subpackages149801
Node: Programs152990
Node: A Program154476
Node: Program Sources155202
Node: Linking157016
Node: Conditional Sources160291
Node: Conditional Programs163143
Node: A Library164996
Node: A Shared Library167440
Node: Libtool Concept168447
Node: Libtool Libraries170508
Node: Conditional Libtool Libraries172187
Node: Conditional Libtool Sources174556
Node: Libtool Convenience Libraries175900
Node: Libtool Modules179229
Node: Libtool Flags180503
Node: LTLIBOBJS182173
Node: Libtool Issues182769
Node: Program and Library Variables185646
Ref: Program and Library Variables-Footnote-1196121
Node: Default _SOURCES196196
Node: LIBOBJS198423
Node: Program variables203207
Node: Yacc and Lex205722
Node: C++ Support210754
Node: Objective C Support211601
Node: Unified Parallel C Support212544
Node: Assembly Support213506
Node: Fortran 77 Support214591
Ref: Fortran 77 Support-Footnote-1216229
Node: Preprocessing Fortran 77216432
Node: Compiling Fortran 77 Files217014
Node: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++217592
Ref: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++-Footnote-1219942
Node: How the Linker is Chosen220245
Node: Fortran 9x Support221505
Node: Compiling Fortran 9x Files222514
Node: Java Support222851
Node: Support for Other Languages224067
Node: ANSI224716
Node: Dependencies227524
Node: EXEEXT229288
Node: Other objects231745
Node: Scripts232342
Node: Headers235055
Node: Data236778
Node: Sources237442
Node: Built sources example240217
Node: Other GNU Tools247132
Node: Emacs Lisp247628
Node: gettext249473
Node: Libtool250130
Node: Java250390
Node: Python252283
Node: Documentation256999
Node: Texinfo257308
Node: Man pages263429
Node: Install265741
Node: Clean270467
Node: Dist272270
Node: Tests281695
Node: Rebuilding286043
Node: Options289663
Ref: tar-formats295551
Node: Miscellaneous298780
Node: Tags299175
Node: Suffixes301478
Node: Multilibs303057
Node: Include303696
Node: Conditionals304592
Node: Gnits308252
Node: Cygnus310121
Node: Not Enough311952
Node: Extending312395
Node: Third-Party Makefiles316884
Node: Distributing323468
Node: API versioning324110
Node: Upgrading326756
Node: FAQ328710
Node: CVS329675
Node: maintainer-mode336457
Node: wildcards340127
Node: limitations on file names343403
Node: distcleancheck345977
Node: Flag Variables Ordering350735
Node: renamed objects358417
Node: Per-Object Flags359971
Node: Multiple Outputs362872
Node: Hard-Coded Install Paths372417
Node: History377399
Node: Timeline377969
Node: Dependency Tracking Evolution409262
Node: Releases421481
Node: Copying This Manual426695
Node: GNU Free Documentation License426934
Node: Indices449351
Node: Macro Index449645
Node: Variable Index454749
Node: General Index477067
End Tag Table