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SENDMAIL(8) SENDMAIL(8)
[1mNAME[0m
sendmail - an electronic mail transport agent
[1mSYNOPSIS[0m
[1msendmail [22m[[4mflags[24m] [[4maddress[24m [4m...[24m]
[1mnewaliases[0m
[1mmailq [22m[[1m-v[22m]
[1mhoststat[0m
[1mpurgestat[0m
[1msmtpd[0m
[1mDESCRIPTION[0m
[1mSendmail [22msends a message to one or more [4mrecipients,[24m routing the message
over whatever networks are necessary. [1mSendmail [22mdoes internetwork for-
warding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct place.
[1mSendmail [22mis not intended as a user interface routine; other programs
provide user-friendly front ends; [1msendmail [22mis used only to deliver pre-
formatted messages.
With no flags, [1msendmail [22mreads its standard input up to an end-of-file
or a line consisting only of a single dot and sends a copy of the mes-
sage found there to all of the addresses listed. It determines the
network(s) to use based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.
Local addresses are looked up in a file and aliased appropriately.
Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address with a backslash.
Beginning with 8.10, the sender is included in any alias expansions,
e.g., if `john' sends to `group', and `group' includes `john' in the
expansion, then the letter will also be delivered to `john'.
[1mParameters[0m
[1m-Ac [22mUse submit.cf even if the operation mode does not indicate an
initial mail submission.
[1m-Am [22mUse sendmail.cf even if the operation mode indicates an initial
mail submission.
[1m-B[4m[22mtype[24m Set the body type to [4mtype[24m. Current legal values are 7BIT or
8BITMIME.
[1m-ba [22mGo into ARPANET mode. All input lines must end with a CR-LF,
and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end.
Also, the ``From:'' and ``Sender:'' fields are examined for the
name of the sender.
[1m-bC [22mCheck the configuration file.
[1m-bd [22mRun as a daemon. [1mSendmail [22mwill fork and run in background lis-
tening on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections. This is nor-
mally run from /etc/rc.
[1m-bD [22mSame as [1m-bd [22mexcept runs in foreground.
[1m-bh [22mPrint the persistent host status database.
[1m-bH [22mPurge expired entries from the persistent host status database.
[1m-bi [22mInitialize the alias database.
[1m-bm [22mDeliver mail in the usual way (default).
[1m-bp [22mPrint a listing of the queue(s).
[1m-bP [22mPrint number of entries in the queue(s); only available with
shared memory support.
[1m-bs [22mUse the SMTP protocol as described in RFC821 on standard input
and output. This flag implies all the operations of the [1m-ba[0m
flag that are compatible with SMTP.
[1m-bt [22mRun in address test mode. This mode reads addresses and shows
the steps in parsing; it is used for debugging configuration
tables.
[1m-bv [22mVerify names only - do not try to collect or deliver a message.
Verify mode is normally used for validating users or mailing
lists.
[1m-C[4m[22mfile[24m Use alternate configuration file. [1mSendmail [22mgives up any
enhanced (set-user-ID or set-group-ID) privileges if an alter-
nate configuration file is specified.
[1m-D [4m[22mlogfile[0m
Send debugging output to the indicated log file instead of std-
out.
[1m-d[4m[22mcategory[24m[1m.[4m[22mlevel...[0m
Set the debugging flag for [4mcategory[24m to [4mlevel[24m. [4mCategory[24m is
either an integer or a name specifying the topic, and [4mlevel[24m an
integer specifying the level of debugging output desired.
Higher levels generally mean more output. More than one flag
can be specified by separating them with commas. A list of
numeric debugging categories can be found in the TRACEFLAGS file
in the sendmail source distribution.
The option [1m-d0.1 [22mprints the version of [1msendmail [22mand the options
it was compiled with.
Most other categories are only useful with, and documented in,
[1msendmail[22m's source code.
[1m-F[4m[22mfullname[0m
Set the full name of the sender.
[1m-f[4m[22mname[24m Sets the name of the ``from'' person (i.e., the envelope sender
of the mail). This address may also be used in the From: header
if that header is missing during initial submission. The enve-
lope sender address is used as the recipient for delivery status
notifications and may also appear in a Return-Path: header. [1m-f[0m
should only be used by ``trusted'' users (normally [4mroot[24m, [4mdaemon[24m,
and [4mnetwork[24m) or if the person you are trying to become is the
same as the person you are. Otherwise, an X-Authentication-
Warning header will be added to the message.
[1m-G [22mRelay (gateway) submission of a message, e.g., when [1mrmail [22mcalls
[1msendmail .[0m
[1m-h[4m[22mN[24m Set the hop count to [4mN[24m. The hop count is incremented every time
the mail is processed. When it reaches a limit, the mail is
returned with an error message, the victim of an aliasing loop.
If not specified, ``Received:'' lines in the message are
counted.
[1m-i [22mDo not strip a leading dot from lines in incoming messages, and
do not treat a dot on a line by itself as the end of an incoming
message. This should be set if you are reading data from a
file.
[1m-L [4m[22mtag[24m Set the identifier used in syslog messages to the supplied [4mtag[24m.
[1m-N [4m[22mdsn[24m Set delivery status notification conditions to [4mdsn[24m, which can be
`never' for no notifications or a comma separated list of the
values `failure' to be notified if delivery failed, `delay' to
be notified if delivery is delayed, and `success' to be notified
when the message is successfully delivered.
[1m-n [22mDon't do aliasing.
[1m-O [4m[22moption[24m=[4mvalue[0m
Set option [4moption[24m to the specified [4mvalue[24m. This form uses long
names. See below for more details.
[1m-o[4m[22mx[24m [4mvalue[0m
Set option [4mx[24m to the specified [4mvalue[24m. This form uses single
character names only. The short names are not described in this
manual page; see the [4mSendmail[24m [4mInstallation[24m [4mand[24m [4mOperation[24m [4mGuide[0m
for details.
[1m-p[4m[22mprotocol[0m
Set the name of the protocol used to receive the message. This
can be a simple protocol name such as ``UUCP'' or a protocol and
hostname, such as ``UUCP:ucbvax''.
[1m-q[22m[[4mtime[24m]
Process saved messages in the queue at given intervals. If [4mtime[0m
is omitted, process the queue once. [4mTime[24m is given as a tagged
number, with `s' being seconds, `m' being minutes (default), `h'
being hours, `d' being days, and `w' being weeks. For example,
`-q1h30m' or `-q90m' would both set the timeout to one hour
thirty minutes. By default, [1msendmail [22mwill run in the back-
ground. This option can be used safely with [1m-bd[22m.
[1m-qp[22m[[4mtime[24m]
Similar to [1m-q[4m[22mtime[24m, except that instead of periodically forking a
child to process the queue, sendmail forks a single persistent
child for each queue that alternates between processing the
queue and sleeping. The sleep time is given as the argument; it
defaults to 1 second. The process will always sleep at least 5
seconds if the queue was empty in the previous queue run.
[1m-q[22mf Process saved messages in the queue once and do not fork(), but
run in the foreground.
[1m-q[22mG[4mname[0m
Process jobs in queue group called [4mname[24m only.
[1m-q[22m[[4m![24m]I[4msubstr[0m
Limit processed jobs to those containing [4msubstr[24m as a substring
of the queue id or not when [4m![24m is specified.
[1m-q[22m[[4m![24m]Q[4msubstr[0m
Limit processed jobs to quarantined jobs containing [4msubstr[24m as a
substring of the quarantine reason or not when [4m![24m is specified.
[1m-q[22m[[4m![24m]R[4msubstr[0m
Limit processed jobs to those containing [4msubstr[24m as a substring
of one of the recipients or not when [4m![24m is specified.
[1m-q[22m[[4m![24m]S[4msubstr[0m
Limit processed jobs to those containing [4msubstr[24m as a substring
of the sender or not when [4m![24m is specified.
[1m-Q[22m[reason]
Quarantine a normal queue items with the given reason or unquar-
antine quarantined queue items if no reason is given. This
should only be used with some sort of item matching using as
described above.
[1m-R [4m[22mreturn[0m
Set the amount of the message to be returned if the message
bounces. The [4mreturn[24m parameter can be `full' to return the
entire message or `hdrs' to return only the headers. In the
latter case also local bounces return only the headers.
[1m-r[4m[22mname[24m An alternate and obsolete form of the [1m-f [22mflag.
[1m-t [22mRead message for recipients. To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be
scanned for recipient addresses. The Bcc: line will be deleted
before transmission.
[1m-V [4m[22menvid[0m
Set the original envelope id. This is propagated across SMTP to
servers that support DSNs and is returned in DSN-compliant error
messages.
[1m-v [22mGo into verbose mode. Alias expansions will be announced, etc.
[1m-X [4m[22mlogfile[0m
Log all traffic in and out of mailers in the indicated log file.
This should only be used as a last resort for debugging mailer
bugs. It will log a lot of data very quickly.
[1m-- [22mStop processing command flags and use the rest of the arguments
as addresses.
[1mOptions[0m
There are also a number of processing options that may be set. Nor-
mally these will only be used by a system administrator. Options may
be set either on the command line using the [1m-o [22mflag (for short names),
the [1m-O [22mflag (for long names), or in the configuration file. This is a
partial list limited to those options that are likely to be useful on
the command line and only shows the long names; for a complete list
(and details), consult the [4mSendmail[24m [4mInstallation[24m [4mand[24m [4mOperation[24m [4mGuide[24m.
The options are:
AliasFile=[4mfile[0m
Use alternate alias file.
HoldExpensive
On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to,
don't initiate immediate connection. This requires queueing.
CheckpointInterval=[4mN[0m
Checkpoint the queue file after every [4mN[24m successful deliveries
(default 10). This avoids excessive duplicate deliveries when
sending to long mailing lists interrupted by system crashes.
DeliveryMode=[4mx[0m
Set the delivery mode to [4mx[24m. Delivery modes are `i' for interac-
tive (synchronous) delivery, `b' for background (asynchronous)
delivery, `q' for queue only - i.e., actual delivery is done the
next time the queue is run, and `d' for deferred - the same as
`q' except that database lookups for maps which have set the -D
option (default for the host map) are avoided.
ErrorMode=[4mx[0m
Set error processing to mode [4mx[24m. Valid modes are `m' to mail
back the error message, `w' to ``write'' back the error message
(or mail it back if the sender is not logged in), `p' to print
the errors on the terminal (default), `q' to throw away error
messages (only exit status is returned), and `e' to do special
processing for the BerkNet. If the text of the message is not
mailed back by modes `m' or `w' and if the sender is local to
this machine, a copy of the message is appended to the file
[4mdead.letter[24m in the sender's home directory.
SaveFromLine
Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of messages.
MaxHopCount=[4mN[0m
The maximum number of times a message is allowed to ``hop''
before we decide it is in a loop.
IgnoreDots
Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a message termina-
tor.
SendMimeErrors
Send error messages in MIME format. If not set, the DSN (Deliv-
ery Status Notification) SMTP extension is disabled.
ConnectionCacheTimeout=[4mtimeout[0m
Set connection cache timeout.
ConnectionCacheSize=[4mN[0m
Set connection cache size.
LogLevel=[4mn[0m
The log level.
MeToo=[4mFalse[0m
Don't send to ``me'' (the sender) if I am in an alias expansion.
CheckAliases
Validate the right hand side of aliases during a newaliases(1)
command.
OldStyleHeaders
If set, this message may have old style headers. If not set,
this message is guaranteed to have new style headers (i.e., com-
mas instead of spaces between addresses). If set, an adaptive
algorithm is used that will correctly determine the header for-
mat in most cases.
QueueDirectory=[4mqueuedir[0m
Select the directory in which to queue messages.
StatusFile=[4mfile[0m
Save statistics in the named file.
Timeout.queuereturn=[4mtime[0m
Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the
specified time. After delivery has failed (e.g., because of a
host being down) for this amount of time, failed messages will
be returned to the sender. The default is five days.
UserDatabaseSpec=[4muserdatabase[0m
If set, a user database is consulted to get forwarding informa-
tion. You can consider this an adjunct to the aliasing mecha-
nism, except that the database is intended to be distributed;
aliases are local to a particular host. This may not be avail-
able if your sendmail does not have the USERDB option compiled
in.
ForkEachJob
Fork each job during queue runs. May be convenient on memory-
poor machines.
SevenBitInput
Strip incoming messages to seven bits.
EightBitMode=[4mmode[0m
Set the handling of eight bit input to seven bit destinations to
[4mmode[24m: m (mimefy) will convert to seven-bit MIME format, p (pass)
will pass it as eight bits (but violates protocols), and s
(strict) will bounce the message.
MinQueueAge=[4mtimeout[0m
Sets how long a job must ferment in the queue between attempts
to send it.
DefaultCharSet=[4mcharset[0m
Sets the default character set used to label 8-bit data that is
not otherwise labelled.
DialDelay=[4msleeptime[0m
If opening a connection fails, sleep for [4msleeptime[24m seconds and
try again. Useful on dial-on-demand sites.
NoRecipientAction=[4maction[0m
Set the behaviour when there are no recipient headers (To:, Cc:
or Bcc:) in the message to [4maction[24m: none leaves the message
unchanged, add-to adds a To: header with the envelope recipi-
ents, add-apparently-to adds an Apparently-To: header with the
envelope recipients, add-bcc adds an empty Bcc: header, and add-
to-undisclosed adds a header reading `To: undisclosed-recipi-
ents:;'.
MaxDaemonChildren=[4mN[0m
Sets the maximum number of children that an incoming SMTP daemon
will allow to spawn at any time to [4mN[24m.
ConnectionRateThrottle=[4mN[0m
Sets the maximum number of connections per second to the SMTP
port to [4mN[24m.
In aliases, the first character of a name may be a vertical bar to
cause interpretation of the rest of the name as a command to pipe the
mail to. It may be necessary to quote the name to keep [1msendmail [22mfrom
suppressing the blanks from between arguments. For example, a common
alias is:
msgs: "|/usr/bin/msgs -s"
Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:[4mfilename[24m'' to ask [1msendmail[0m
to read the named file for a list of recipients. For example, an alias
such as:
poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"
would read [4m/usr/local/lib/poets.list[24m for the list of addresses making
up the group.
[1mSendmail [22mreturns an exit status describing what it did. The codes are
defined in <[4msysexits.h[24m>:
EX_OK Successful completion on all addresses.
EX_NOUSER
User name not recognized.
EX_UNAVAILABLE
Catchall meaning necessary resources were not available.
EX_SYNTAX
Syntax error in address.
EX_SOFTWARE
Internal software error, including bad arguments.
EX_OSERR
Temporary operating system error, such as ``cannot fork''.
EX_NOHOST
Host name not recognized.
EX_TEMPFAIL
Message could not be sent immediately, but was queued.
If invoked as [1mnewaliases[22m, [1msendmail [22mwill rebuild the alias database. If
invoked as [1mmailq[22m, [1msendmail [22mwill print the contents of the mail queue.
If invoked as [1mhoststat[22m, [1msendmail [22mwill print the persistent host status
database. If invoked as [1mpurgestat[22m, [1msendmail [22mwill purge expired entries
from the persistent host status database. If invoked as [1msmtpd[22m, [1msend-[0m
[1mmail [22mwill act as a daemon, as if the [1m-bd [22moption were specified.
[1mNOTES[0m
[1msendmail [22moften gets blamed for many problems that are actually the
result of other problems, such as overly permissive modes on directo-
ries. For this reason, [1msendmail [22mchecks the modes on system directories
and files to determine if they can be trusted. Although these checks
can be turned off and your system security reduced by setting the [1mDont-[0m
[1mBlameSendmail [22moption, the permission problems should be fixed. For
more information, see:
[4mhttp://www.sendmail.org/tips/DontBlameSendmail.html[0m
[1mFILES[0m
Except for the file [4m/etc/mail/sendmail.cf[24m itself the following path-
names are all specified in [4m/etc/mail/sendmail.cf[24m. Thus, these values
are only approximations.
/etc/mail/aliases
raw data for alias names
/etc/mail/aliases.db
data base of alias names
/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
configuration file
/etc/mail/helpfile
help file
/etc/mail/statistics
collected statistics
/var/spool/mqueue/*
temp files
[1mSEE ALSO[0m
binmail(1), mail(1), rmail(1), syslog(3), aliases(5), mailaddr(7),
rc(8)
DARPA Internet Request For Comments [4mRFC819[24m, [4mRFC821[24m, [4mRFC822[24m. [4mSendmail[0m
[4mInstallation[24m [4mand[24m [4mOperation[24m [4mGuide[24m, No. 8, SMM.
http://www.sendmail.org/
US Patent Numbers 6865671, 6986037.
[1mHISTORY[0m
The [1msendmail [22mcommand appeared in 4.2BSD.
$Date: 2013-11-22 20:51:56 $ SENDMAIL(8)