config root man

.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.11 (Pod::Simple 3.35)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
.    ds -- \(*W-
.    ds PI pi
.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch
.    ds L" ""
.    ds R" ""
.    ds C` ""
.    ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
.    ds -- \|\(em\|
.    ds PI \(*p
.    ds L" ``
.    ds R" ''
.    ds C`
.    ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el       .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
.    if \nF \{\
.        de IX
.        tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
.        if !\nF==2 \{\
.            nr % 0
.            nr F 2
.        \}
.    \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts.
.    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
.    ds #H 0
.    ds #V .8m
.    ds #F .3m
.    ds #[ \f1
.    ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
.    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
.    ds #V .6m
.    ds #F 0
.    ds #[ \&
.    ds #] \&
.\}
.    \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
.    ds ' \&
.    ds ` \&
.    ds ^ \&
.    ds , \&
.    ds ~ ~
.    ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
.    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
.    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
.    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
.    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
.    \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
.    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
.    ds : e
.    ds 8 ss
.    ds o a
.    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
.    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
.    ds th \o'bp'
.    ds Th \o'LP'
.    ds ae ae
.    ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "mro 3"
.TH mro 3 "2019-10-24" "perl v5.30.2" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
mro \- Method Resolution Order
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 1
\&  use mro; # enables next::method and friends globally
\&
\&  use mro \*(Aqdfs\*(Aq; # enable DFS MRO for this class (Perl default)
\&  use mro \*(Aqc3\*(Aq; # enable C3 MRO for this class
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \*(L"mro\*(R" namespace provides several utilities for dealing
with method resolution order and method caching in general.
.PP
These interfaces are only available in Perl 5.9.5 and higher.
See MRO::Compat on \s-1CPAN\s0 for a mostly forwards compatible
implementation for older Perls.
.SH "OVERVIEW"
.IX Header "OVERVIEW"
It's possible to change the \s-1MRO\s0 of a given class either by using \f(CW\*(C`use
mro\*(C'\fR as shown in the synopsis, or by using the \*(L"mro::set_mro\*(R" function
below.
.PP
The special methods \f(CW\*(C`next::method\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`next::can\*(C'\fR, and
\&\f(CW\*(C`maybe::next::method\*(C'\fR are not available until this \f(CW\*(C`mro\*(C'\fR module
has been loaded via \f(CW\*(C`use\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`require\*(C'\fR.
.SH "The C3 MRO"
.IX Header "The C3 MRO"
In addition to the traditional Perl default \s-1MRO\s0 (depth first
search, called \f(CW\*(C`DFS\*(C'\fR here), Perl now offers the C3 \s-1MRO\s0 as
well.  Perl's support for C3 is based on the work done in
Stevan Little's module Class::C3, and most of the C3\-related
documentation here is ripped directly from there.
.SS "What is C3?"
.IX Subsection "What is C3?"
C3 is the name of an algorithm which aims to provide a sane method
resolution order under multiple inheritance. It was first introduced in
the language Dylan (see links in the \*(L"\s-1SEE ALSO\*(R"\s0 section), and then
later adopted as the preferred \s-1MRO\s0 (Method Resolution Order) for the
new-style classes in Python 2.3. Most recently it has been adopted as the
\&\*(L"canonical\*(R" \s-1MRO\s0 for Perl 6 classes, and the default \s-1MRO\s0 for Parrot objects
as well.
.SS "How does C3 work"
.IX Subsection "How does C3 work"
C3 works by always preserving local precedence ordering. This essentially
means that no class will appear before any of its subclasses. Take, for
instance, the classic diamond inheritance pattern:
.PP
.Vb 5
\&     <A>
\&    /   \e
\&  <B>   <C>
\&    \e   /
\&     <D>
.Ve
.PP
The standard Perl 5 \s-1MRO\s0 would be (D, B, A, C). The result being that \fBA\fR
appears before \fBC\fR, even though \fBC\fR is the subclass of \fBA\fR. The C3 \s-1MRO\s0
algorithm however, produces the following order: (D, B, C, A), which does
not have this issue.
.PP
This example is fairly trivial; for more complex cases and a deeper
explanation, see the links in the \*(L"\s-1SEE ALSO\*(R"\s0 section.
.SH "Functions"
.IX Header "Functions"
.ie n .SS "mro::get_linear_isa($classname[, $type])"
.el .SS "mro::get_linear_isa($classname[, \f(CW$type\fP])"
.IX Subsection "mro::get_linear_isa($classname[, $type])"
Returns an arrayref which is the linearized \s-1MRO\s0 of the given class.
Uses whichever \s-1MRO\s0 is currently in effect for that class by default,
or the given \s-1MRO\s0 (either \f(CW\*(C`c3\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`dfs\*(C'\fR if specified as \f(CW$type\fR).
.PP
The linearized \s-1MRO\s0 of a class is an ordered array of all of the
classes one would search when resolving a method on that class,
starting with the class itself.
.PP
If the requested class doesn't yet exist, this function will still
succeed, and return \f(CW\*(C`[ $classname ]\*(C'\fR
.PP
Note that \f(CW\*(C`UNIVERSAL\*(C'\fR (and any members of \f(CW\*(C`UNIVERSAL\*(C'\fR's \s-1MRO\s0) are not
part of the \s-1MRO\s0 of a class, even though all classes implicitly inherit
methods from \f(CW\*(C`UNIVERSAL\*(C'\fR and its parents.
.ie n .SS "mro::set_mro ($classname, $type)"
.el .SS "mro::set_mro ($classname, \f(CW$type\fP)"
.IX Subsection "mro::set_mro ($classname, $type)"
Sets the \s-1MRO\s0 of the given class to the \f(CW$type\fR argument (either
\&\f(CW\*(C`c3\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`dfs\*(C'\fR).
.SS "mro::get_mro($classname)"
.IX Subsection "mro::get_mro($classname)"
Returns the \s-1MRO\s0 of the given class (either \f(CW\*(C`c3\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`dfs\*(C'\fR).
.SS "mro::get_isarev($classname)"
.IX Subsection "mro::get_isarev($classname)"
Gets the \f(CW\*(C`mro_isarev\*(C'\fR for this class, returned as an
arrayref of class names.  These are every class that \*(L"isa\*(R"
the given class name, even if the isa relationship is
indirect.  This is used internally by the \s-1MRO\s0 code to
keep track of method/MRO cache invalidations.
.PP
As with \f(CW\*(C`mro::get_linear_isa\*(C'\fR above, \f(CW\*(C`UNIVERSAL\*(C'\fR is special.
\&\f(CW\*(C`UNIVERSAL\*(C'\fR (and parents') isarev lists do not include
every class in existence, even though all classes are
effectively descendants for method inheritance purposes.
.SS "mro::is_universal($classname)"
.IX Subsection "mro::is_universal($classname)"
Returns a boolean status indicating whether or not
the given classname is either \f(CW\*(C`UNIVERSAL\*(C'\fR itself,
or one of \f(CW\*(C`UNIVERSAL\*(C'\fR's parents by \f(CW@ISA\fR inheritance.
.PP
Any class for which this function returns true is
\&\*(L"universal\*(R" in the sense that all classes potentially
inherit methods from it.
.SS "\fBmro::invalidate_all_method_caches()\fP"
.IX Subsection "mro::invalidate_all_method_caches()"
Increments \f(CW\*(C`PL_sub_generation\*(C'\fR, which invalidates method
caching in all packages.
.SS "mro::method_changed_in($classname)"
.IX Subsection "mro::method_changed_in($classname)"
Invalidates the method cache of any classes dependent on the
given class.  This is not normally necessary.  The only
known case where pure perl code can confuse the method
cache is when you manually install a new constant
subroutine by using a readonly scalar value, like the
internals of constant do.  If you find another case,
please report it so we can either fix it or document
the exception here.
.SS "mro::get_pkg_gen($classname)"
.IX Subsection "mro::get_pkg_gen($classname)"
Returns an integer which is incremented every time a
real local method in the package \f(CW$classname\fR changes,
or the local \f(CW@ISA\fR of \f(CW$classname\fR is modified.
.PP
This is intended for authors of modules which do lots
of class introspection, as it allows them to very quickly
check if anything important about the local properties
of a given class have changed since the last time they
looked.  It does not increment on method/\f(CW@ISA\fR
changes in superclasses.
.PP
It's still up to you to seek out the actual changes,
and there might not actually be any.  Perhaps all
of the changes since you last checked cancelled each
other out and left the package in the state it was in
before.
.PP
This integer normally starts off at a value of \f(CW1\fR
when a package stash is instantiated.  Calling it
on packages whose stashes do not exist at all will
return \f(CW0\fR.  If a package stash is completely
deleted (not a normal occurrence, but it can happen
if someone does something like \f(CW\*(C`undef %PkgName::\*(C'\fR),
the number will be reset to either \f(CW0\fR or \f(CW1\fR,
depending on how completely the package was wiped out.
.SS "next::method"
.IX Subsection "next::method"
This is somewhat like \f(CW\*(C`SUPER\*(C'\fR, but it uses the C3 method
resolution order to get better consistency in multiple
inheritance situations.  Note that while inheritance in
general follows whichever \s-1MRO\s0 is in effect for the
given class, \f(CW\*(C`next::method\*(C'\fR only uses the C3 \s-1MRO.\s0
.PP
One generally uses it like so:
.PP
.Vb 5
\&  sub some_method {
\&    my $self = shift;
\&    my $superclass_answer = $self\->next::method(@_);
\&    return $superclass_answer + 1;
\&  }
.Ve
.PP
Note that you don't (re\-)specify the method name.
It forces you to always use the same method name
as the method you started in.
.PP
It can be called on an object or a class, of course.
.PP
The way it resolves which actual method to call is:
.IP "1." 4
First, it determines the linearized C3 \s-1MRO\s0 of
the object or class it is being called on.
.IP "2." 4
Then, it determines the class and method name
of the context it was invoked from.
.IP "3." 4
Finally, it searches down the C3 \s-1MRO\s0 list until
it reaches the contextually enclosing class, then
searches further down the \s-1MRO\s0 list for the next
method with the same name as the contextually
enclosing method.
.PP
Failure to find a next method will result in an
exception being thrown (see below for alternatives).
.PP
This is substantially different than the behavior
of \f(CW\*(C`SUPER\*(C'\fR under complex multiple inheritance.
(This becomes obvious when one realizes that the
common superclasses in the C3 linearizations of
a given class and one of its parents will not
always be ordered the same for both.)
.PP
\&\fBCaveat\fR: Calling \f(CW\*(C`next::method\*(C'\fR from methods defined outside the class:
.PP
There is an edge case when using \f(CW\*(C`next::method\*(C'\fR from within a subroutine
which was created in a different module than the one it is called from. It
sounds complicated, but it really isn't. Here is an example which will not
work correctly:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  *Foo::foo = sub { (shift)\->next::method(@_) };
.Ve
.PP
The problem exists because the anonymous subroutine being assigned to the
\&\f(CW*Foo::foo\fR glob will show up in the call stack as being called
\&\f(CW\*(C`_\|_ANON_\|_\*(C'\fR and not \f(CW\*(C`foo\*(C'\fR as you might expect. Since \f(CW\*(C`next::method\*(C'\fR uses
\&\f(CW\*(C`caller\*(C'\fR to find the name of the method it was called in, it will fail in
this case.
.PP
But fear not, there's a simple solution. The module \f(CW\*(C`Sub::Name\*(C'\fR will
reach into the perl internals and assign a name to an anonymous subroutine
for you. Simply do this:
.PP
.Vb 2
\&  use Sub::Name \*(Aqsubname\*(Aq;
\&  *Foo::foo = subname \*(AqFoo::foo\*(Aq => sub { (shift)\->next::method(@_) };
.Ve
.PP
and things will Just Work.
.SS "next::can"
.IX Subsection "next::can"
This is similar to \f(CW\*(C`next::method\*(C'\fR, but just returns either a code
reference or \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR to indicate that no further methods of this name
exist.
.SS "maybe::next::method"
.IX Subsection "maybe::next::method"
In simple cases, it is equivalent to:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&   $self\->next::method(@_) if $self\->next::can;
.Ve
.PP
But there are some cases where only this solution
works (like \f(CW\*(C`goto &maybe::next::method\*(C'\fR);
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
.SS "The original Dylan paper"
.IX Subsection "The original Dylan paper"
.IP "<http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.19.3910&rep=rep1&type=pdf>" 4
.IX Item "<http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.19.3910&rep=rep1&type=pdf>"
.SS "Pugs"
.IX Subsection "Pugs"
The Pugs prototype Perl 6 Object Model uses C3
.SS "Parrot"
.IX Subsection "Parrot"
Parrot now uses C3
.IP "<http://use.perl.org/~autrijus/journal/25768>" 4
.IX Item "<http://use.perl.org/~autrijus/journal/25768>"
.SS "Python 2.3 \s-1MRO\s0 related links"
.IX Subsection "Python 2.3 MRO related links"
.PD 0
.IP "<http://www.python.org/2.3/mro.html>" 4
.IX Item "<http://www.python.org/2.3/mro.html>"
.IP "<http://www.python.org/2.2.2/descrintro.html#mro>" 4
.IX Item "<http://www.python.org/2.2.2/descrintro.html#mro>"
.PD
.SS "Class::C3"
.IX Subsection "Class::C3"
.IP "Class::C3" 4
.IX Item "Class::C3"
.SH "AUTHOR"
.IX Header "AUTHOR"
Brandon L. Black, <blblack@gmail.com>
.PP
Based on Stevan Little's Class::C3