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.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" From: @(#)rcmd.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93 .\" $FreeBSD: release/9.1.0/lib/libc/net/rcmd.3 189208 2009-03-01 05:47:14Z delphij $ .\" .Dd March 3, 2000 .Dt RCMD 3 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm rcmd , .Nm rresvport , .Nm iruserok , .Nm ruserok , .Nm rcmd_af , .Nm rresvport_af , .Nm iruserok_sa .Nd routines for returning a stream to a remote command .Sh LIBRARY .Lb libc .Sh SYNOPSIS .In unistd.h .Ft int .Fn rcmd "char **ahost" "int inport" "const char *locuser" "const char *remuser" "const char *cmd" "int *fd2p" .Ft int .Fn rresvport "int *port" .Ft int .Fn iruserok "u_long raddr" "int superuser" "const char *ruser" "const char *luser" .Ft int .Fn ruserok "const char *rhost" "int superuser" "const char *ruser" "const char *luser" .Ft int .Fn rcmd_af "char **ahost" "int inport" "const char *locuser" "const char *remuser" "const char *cmd" "int *fd2p" "int af" .Ft int .Fn rresvport_af "int *port" "int af" .Ft int .Fn iruserok_sa "const void *addr" "int addrlen" "int superuser" "const char *ruser" "const char *luser" .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Fn rcmd function is used by the super-user to execute a command on a remote machine using an authentication scheme based on reserved port numbers. The .Fn rresvport function returns a descriptor to a socket with an address in the privileged port space. The .Fn ruserok function is used by servers to authenticate clients requesting service with .Fn rcmd . All three functions are present in the same file and are used by the .Xr rshd 8 server (among others). .Pp The .Fn rcmd function looks up the host .Fa *ahost using .Xr gethostbyname 3 , returning -1 if the host does not exist. Otherwise .Fa *ahost is set to the standard name of the host and a connection is established to a server residing at the well-known Internet port .Fa inport . .Pp If the connection succeeds, a socket in the Internet domain of type .Dv SOCK_STREAM is returned to the caller, and given to the remote command as .Dv stdin and .Dv stdout . If .Fa fd2p is non-zero, then an auxiliary channel to a control process will be set up, and a descriptor for it will be placed in .Fa *fd2p . The control process will return diagnostic output from the command (unit 2) on this channel, and will also accept bytes on this channel as being .Ux signal numbers, to be forwarded to the process group of the command. If .Fa fd2p is 0, then the .Dv stderr (unit 2 of the remote command) will be made the same as the .Dv stdout and no provision is made for sending arbitrary signals to the remote process, although you may be able to get its attention by using out-of-band data. .Pp The protocol is described in detail in .Xr rshd 8 . .Pp The .Fn rresvport function is used to obtain a socket to which an address with a Privileged Internet port is bound. This socket is suitable for use by .Fn rcmd and several other functions. Privileged Internet ports are those in the range 0 to 1023. Only the super-user is allowed to bind an address of this sort to a socket. .Pp The .Fn iruserok and .Fn ruserok functions take a remote host's IP address or name, as returned by the .Xr gethostbyname 3 routines, two user names and a flag indicating whether the local user's name is that of the super-user. Then, if the user is .Em NOT the super-user, it checks the .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv file. If that lookup is not done, or is unsuccessful, the .Pa .rhosts in the local user's home directory is checked to see if the request for service is allowed. .Pp If this file does not exist, is not a regular file, is owned by anyone other than the user or the super-user, or is writable by anyone other than the owner, the check automatically fails. Zero is returned if the machine name is listed in the .Dq Pa hosts.equiv file, or the host and remote user name are found in the .Dq Pa .rhosts file; otherwise .Fn iruserok and .Fn ruserok return -1. If the local domain (as obtained from .Xr gethostname 3 ) is the same as the remote domain, only the machine name need be specified. .Pp The .Fn iruserok function is strongly preferred for security reasons. It requires trusting the local DNS at most, while the .Fn ruserok function requires trusting the entire DNS, which can be spoofed. .Pp The functions with an .Dq Li _af or .Dq Li _sa suffix, i.e., .Fn rcmd_af , .Fn rresvport_af and .Fn iruserok_sa , work the same as the corresponding functions without a suffix, except that they are capable of handling both IPv6 and IPv4 ports. .Pp The .Dq Li _af suffix means that the function has an additional .Fa af argument which is used to specify the address family, (see below). The .Fa af argument extension is implemented for functions that have no binary address argument. Instead, the .Fa af argument specifies which address family is desired. .Pp The .Dq Li _sa suffix means that the function has general socket address and length arguments. As the socket address is a protocol independent data structure, IPv4 and IPv6 socket address can be passed as desired. The .Fa sa argument extension is implemented for functions that pass a protocol dependent binary address argument. The argument needs to be replaced with a more general address structure to support multiple address families in a general way. .Pp The functions with neither an .Dq Li _af suffix nor an .Dq Li _sa suffix work for IPv4 only, except for .Fn ruserok which can handle both IPv6 and IPv4. To switch the address family, the .Fa af argument must be filled with .Dv AF_INET , or .Dv AF_INET6 . For .Fn rcmd_af , .Dv PF_UNSPEC is also allowed. .Sh ENVIRONMENT .Bl -tag -width RSH .It Ev RSH When using the .Fn rcmd function, this variable is used as the program to run instead of .Xr rsh 1 . .El .Sh DIAGNOSTICS The .Fn rcmd function returns a valid socket descriptor on success. It returns -1 on error and prints a diagnostic message on the standard error. .Pp The .Fn rresvport function returns a valid, bound socket descriptor on success. It returns -1 on error with the global value .Va errno set according to the reason for failure. The error code .Er EAGAIN is overloaded to mean ``All network ports in use.'' .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr rlogin 1 , .Xr rsh 1 , .Xr intro 2 , .Xr rlogind 8 , .Xr rshd 8 .Pp .Rs .%A W. Stevens .%A M. Thomas .%T "Advanced Socket API for IPv6" .%O RFC2292 .Re .Rs .%A W. Stevens .%A M. Thomas .%A E. Nordmark .%T "Advanced Socket API for IPv6" .%O RFC3542 .Re .Sh HISTORY Most of these functions appeared in .Bx 4.2 . The .Fn rresvport_af function appeared in RFC2292, and was implemented by the WIDE project for the Hydrangea IPv6 protocol stack kit. The .Fn rcmd_af function appeared in draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2292bis-01.txt, and was implemented in the WIDE/KAME IPv6 protocol stack kit. The .Fn iruserok_sa function appeared in discussion on the IETF ipngwg mailing list, and was implemented in .Fx 4.0 .