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<html> <head> <title>pcrestack specification</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#00005A" link="#0066FF" alink="#3399FF" vlink="#2222BB"> <h1>pcrestack man page</h1> <p> Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>. </p> <p> This page is part of the PCRE HTML documentation. It was generated automatically from the original man page. If there is any nonsense in it, please consult the man page, in case the conversion went wrong. <br> <br><b> PCRE DISCUSSION OF STACK USAGE </b><br> <P> When you call <b>pcre_exec()</b>, it makes use of an internal function called <b>match()</b>. This calls itself recursively at branch points in the pattern, in order to remember the state of the match so that it can back up and try a different alternative if the first one fails. As matching proceeds deeper and deeper into the tree of possibilities, the recursion depth increases. </P> <P> Not all calls of <b>match()</b> increase the recursion depth; for an item such as a* it may be called several times at the same level, after matching different numbers of a's. Furthermore, in a number of cases where the result of the recursive call would immediately be passed back as the result of the current call (a "tail recursion"), the function is just restarted instead. </P> <P> The <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b> function operates in an entirely different way, and hardly uses recursion at all. The limit on its complexity is the amount of workspace it is given. The comments that follow do NOT apply to <b>pcre_dfa_exec()</b>; they are relevant only for <b>pcre_exec()</b>. </P> <P> You can set limits on the number of times that <b>match()</b> is called, both in total and recursively. If the limit is exceeded, an error occurs. For details, see the <a href="pcreapi.html#extradata">section on extra data for <b>pcre_exec()</b></a> in the <a href="pcreapi.html"><b>pcreapi</b></a> documentation. </P> <P> Each time that <b>match()</b> is actually called recursively, it uses memory from the process stack. For certain kinds of pattern and data, very large amounts of stack may be needed, despite the recognition of "tail recursion". You can often reduce the amount of recursion, and therefore the amount of stack used, by modifying the pattern that is being matched. Consider, for example, this pattern: <pre> ([^<]|<(?!inet))+ </pre> It matches from wherever it starts until it encounters "<inet" or the end of the data, and is the kind of pattern that might be used when processing an XML file. Each iteration of the outer parentheses matches either one character that is not "<" or a "<" that is not followed by "inet". However, each time a parenthesis is processed, a recursion occurs, so this formulation uses a stack frame for each matched character. For a long string, a lot of stack is required. Consider now this rewritten pattern, which matches exactly the same strings: <pre> ([^<]++|<(?!inet))+ </pre> This uses very much less stack, because runs of characters that do not contain "<" are "swallowed" in one item inside the parentheses. Recursion happens only when a "<" character that is not followed by "inet" is encountered (and we assume this is relatively rare). A possessive quantifier is used to stop any backtracking into the runs of non-"<" characters, but that is not related to stack usage. </P> <P> This example shows that one way of avoiding stack problems when matching long subject strings is to write repeated parenthesized subpatterns to match more than one character whenever possible. </P> <br><b> Compiling PCRE to use heap instead of stack </b><br> <P> In environments where stack memory is constrained, you might want to compile PCRE to use heap memory instead of stack for remembering back-up points. This makes it run a lot more slowly, however. Details of how to do this are given in the <a href="pcrebuild.html"><b>pcrebuild</b></a> documentation. When built in this way, instead of using the stack, PCRE obtains and frees memory by calling the functions that are pointed to by the <b>pcre_stack_malloc</b> and <b>pcre_stack_free</b> variables. By default, these point to <b>malloc()</b> and <b>free()</b>, but you can replace the pointers to cause PCRE to use your own functions. Since the block sizes are always the same, and are always freed in reverse order, it may be possible to implement customized memory handlers that are more efficient than the standard functions. </P> <br><b> Limiting PCRE's stack usage </b><br> <P> PCRE has an internal counter that can be used to limit the depth of recursion, and thus cause <b>pcre_exec()</b> to give an error code before it runs out of stack. By default, the limit is very large, and unlikely ever to operate. It can be changed when PCRE is built, and it can also be set when <b>pcre_exec()</b> is called. For details of these interfaces, see the <a href="pcrebuild.html"><b>pcrebuild</b></a> and <a href="pcreapi.html"><b>pcreapi</b></a> documentation. </P> <P> As a very rough rule of thumb, you should reckon on about 500 bytes per recursion. Thus, if you want to limit your stack usage to 8Mb, you should set the limit at 16000 recursions. A 64Mb stack, on the other hand, can support around 128000 recursions. The <b>pcretest</b> test program has a command line option (<b>-S</b>) that can be used to increase the size of its stack. </P> <br><b> Changing stack size in Unix-like systems </b><br> <P> In Unix-like environments, there is not often a problem with the stack unless very long strings are involved, though the default limit on stack size varies from system to system. Values from 8Mb to 64Mb are common. You can find your default limit by running the command: <pre> ulimit -s </pre> Unfortunately, the effect of running out of stack is often SIGSEGV, though sometimes a more explicit error message is given. You can normally increase the limit on stack size by code such as this: <pre> struct rlimit rlim; getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim); rlim.rlim_cur = 100*1024*1024; setrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim); </pre> This reads the current limits (soft and hard) using <b>getrlimit()</b>, then attempts to increase the soft limit to 100Mb using <b>setrlimit()</b>. You must do this before calling <b>pcre_exec()</b>. </P> <br><b> Changing stack size in Mac OS X </b><br> <P> Using <b>setrlimit()</b>, as described above, should also work on Mac OS X. It is also possible to set a stack size when linking a program. There is a discussion about stack sizes in Mac OS X at this web site: <a href="http://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2005/qa1419.html">http://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2005/qa1419.html.</a> </P> <br><b> AUTHOR </b><br> <P> Philip Hazel <br> University Computing Service <br> Cambridge CB2 3QH, England. <br> </P> <br><b> REVISION </b><br> <P> Last updated: 09 July 2008 <br> Copyright © 1997-2008 University of Cambridge. <br> <p> Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>. </p>