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-%s or -o option
-irsD or -c command or -O shopt_option (invocation only)
malloc: %s:%d: assertion botched
-a Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
-b Notify of job termination immediately.
-e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
-f Disable file name generation (globbing).
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up.
-k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a
command, not just those that precede the command name.
-m Job control is enabled.
-n Read commands but do not execute them.
-o option-name
Set the variable corresponding to option-name:
allexport same as -a
braceexpand same as -B
emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface
errexit same as -e
errtrace same as -E
functrace same as -T
hashall same as -h
histexpand same as -H
history enable command history
ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF
interactive-comments
allow comments to appear in interactive commands
keyword same as -k
monitor same as -m
noclobber same as -C
noexec same as -n
noglob same as -f
nolog currently accepted but ignored
notify same as -b
nounset same as -u
onecmd same as -t
physical same as -P
pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of
the last command to exit with a non-zero status,
or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status
posix change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the 1003.2 standard to
match the standard
privileged same as -p
verbose same as -v
vi use a vi-style line editing interface
xtrace same as -x
-p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.
Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell
functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and
gid to be set to the real uid and gid.
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
-B the shell will perform brace expansion
-C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten
by redirection of output.
-E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands
such as cd which change the current directory.
-T If set, the DEBUG trap is inherited by shell functions.
- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
The -x and -v options are turned off.
Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The
flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current
set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional
parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no
ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed. dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. new current working directory. removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. zero) is at the top. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.
+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with
zero) is at the top.
-n suppress the normal change of directory when adding directories
to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
dir adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
You can see the directory stack with the `dirs' command. BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash.
CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search
for directries given as arguments to `cd'.
GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to
be ignored by pathname expansion.
HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored.
HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain.
HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running
shell can access.
HOME The complete pathname to your login directory.
HOSTNAME The name of the current host.
HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under.
IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF
character as the sole input. If set, then the value
of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen
in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit
(default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input.
MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on.
MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail.
MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks
for new mail.
OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on.
PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when
looking for commands.
PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each
primary prompt.
PS1 The primary prompt string.
PS2 The secondary prompt string.
PWD The full pathname of the current directory.
SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.
TERM The name of the current terminal type.
TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the
`time' reserved word.
auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by
itself is first looked for in the list of currently
stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded.
A value of `exact' means that the command word must
exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A
value of `substring' means that the command word must
match a substring of the job. Any other value means that
the command must be a prefix of a stopped job.
histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick
substitution. The first character is the history
substitution character, usually `!'. The second is
the `quick substitution' character, usually `^'. The
third is the `history comment' character, usually `#'.
HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which
commands should be saved on the history list.
Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set
a Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent
to that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument:
bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
bind accepts the following options:
-m keymap Use `keymap' as the keymap for the duration of this
command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs,
emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
vi-command, and vi-insert.
-l List names of functions.
-P List function names and bindings.
-p List functions and bindings in a form that can be
reused as input.
-r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ.
-x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when
KEYSEQ is entered.
-f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME.
-q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function.
-V List variable names and values
-v List variable names and values in a form that can
be reused as input.
-S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
-s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
in a form that can be reused as input. By default, removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs.
If the -h option is given, the job is not removed from the table, but is
marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a
SIGHUP. The -a option, when JOBSPEC is not supplied, means to remove all
jobs from the job table; the -r option means to remove only running jobs. Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by N. If N
is omitted, the return status is that of the last command. Change the current directory to DIR. The variable $HOME is the
default DIR. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for
the directory containing DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH
are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name is the same as
the current directory, i.e. `.'. If DIR begins with a slash (/),
then CDPATH is not used. If the directory is not found, and the
shell option `cdable_vars' is set, then try the word as a variable
name. If that variable has a value, then cd to the value of that
variable. The -P option says to use the physical directory structure
instead of following symbolic links; the -L option forces symbolic links
to be followed. Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. LOCAL
can only be used within a function; it makes the variable NAME
have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. Create a simple command invoked by NAME which runs COMMANDS.
Arguments on the command line along with NAME are passed to the
function as $0 .. $n. Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no NAMEs are
given, then display the values of variables instead. The -p option
will display the attributes and values of each NAME.
The flags are:
-a to make NAMEs arrays (if supported)
-f to select from among function names only
-F to display function names (and line number and source file name if
debugging) without definitions
-i to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute
-r to make NAMEs readonly
-t to make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute
-x to make NAMEs export
Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see
`let') done when the variable is assigned to.
When displaying values of variables, -f displays a function's name
and definition. The -F option restricts the display to function
name only.
Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute instead. When
used in a function, makes NAMEs local, as with the `local' command. Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is
specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,
otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. The -s option
restricts the output for each builtin command matching PATTERN to
a short usage synopsis. Display the history list with line numbers. Lines listed with
with a `*' have been modified. Argument of N says to list only
the last N lines. The `-c' option causes the history list to be
cleared by deleting all of the entries. The `-d' option deletes
the history entry at offset OFFSET. The `-w' option writes out the
current history to the history file; `-r' means to read the file and
append the contents to the history list instead. `-a' means
to append history lines from this session to the history file.
Argument `-n' means to read all history lines not already read
from the history file and append them to the history list.
If FILENAME is given, then that is used as the history file else
if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history.
If the -s option is supplied, the non-option ARGs are appended to
the history list as a single entry. The -p option means to perform
history expansion on each ARG and display the result, without storing
anything in the history list.
If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used
as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated
with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get
back up through the list with the `popd' command.
The -l flag specifies that `dirs' should not print shorthand versions
of directories which are relative to your home directory. This means
that `~/bin' might be displayed as `/homes/bfox/bin'. The -v flag
causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per line,
prepending the directory name with its position in the stack. The -p
flag does the same thing, but the stack position is not prepended.
The -c flag clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+N displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-N displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Display the possible completions depending on the options. Intended
to be used from within a shell function generating possible completions.
If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against WORD are
generated. Each ARG is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Evaluation
is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though
division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The following
list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators.
The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
id++, id-- variable post-increment, post-decrement
++id, --id variable pre-increment, pre-decrement
-, + unary minus, plus
!, ~ logical and bitwise negation
** exponentiation
*, /, % multiplication, division, remainder
+, - addition, subtraction
<<, >> left and right bitwise shifts
<=, >=, <, > comparison
==, != equality, inequality
& bitwise AND
^ bitwise XOR
| bitwise OR
&& logical AND
|| logical OR
expr ? expr : expr
conditional operator
=, *=, /=, %=,
+=, -=, <<=, >>=,
&=, ^=, |= assignment
Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable
is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within
an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute
turned on to be used in an expression.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
rules above.
If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returned
otherwise. Enable and disable builtin shell commands. This allows
you to use a disk command which has the same name as a shell
builtin without specifying a full pathname. If -n is used, the
NAMEs become disabled; otherwise NAMEs are enabled. For example,
to use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin
version, type `enable -n test'. On systems supporting dynamic
loading, the -f option may be used to load new builtins from the
shared object FILENAME. The -d option will delete a builtin
previously loaded with -f. If no non-option names are given, or
the -p option is supplied, a list of builtins is printed. The
-a option means to print every builtin with an indication of whether
or not it is enabled. The -s option restricts the output to the POSIX.2
`special' builtins. The -n option displays a list of all disabled builtins. Equivalent to
(( EXP1 ))
while (( EXP2 )); do
COMMANDS
(( EXP3 ))
done
EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is
omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the `fg' command. Resume a
stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name
or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a `&' places the job in
the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an
argument to `bg'. Exec FILE, replacing this shell with the specified program.
If FILE is not specified, the redirections take effect in this
shell. If the first argument is `-l', then place a dash in the
zeroth arg passed to FILE, as login does. If the `-c' option
is supplied, FILE is executed with a null environment. The `-a'
option means to make set argv[0] of the executed process to NAME.
If the file cannot be executed and the shell is not interactive,
then the shell exits, unless the shell option `execfail' is set. Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time,
and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates.
The return status is the return status of PIPELINE. The `-p' option
prints the timing summary in a slightly different format. This uses
the value of the TIMEFORMAT variable as the output format. Exit from within a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified,
break N levels. Exit the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status
is that of the last command executed. Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary
expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There
are string operators as well, and numeric comparison operators.
File operators:
-a FILE True if file exists.
-b FILE True if file is block special.
-c FILE True if file is character special.
-d FILE True if file is a directory.
-e FILE True if file exists.
-f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file.
-g FILE True if file is set-group-id.
-h FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-L FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set.
-p FILE True if file is a named pipe.
-r FILE True if file is readable by you.
-s FILE True if file exists and is not empty.
-S FILE True if file is a socket.
-t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal.
-u FILE True if the file is set-user-id.
-w FILE True if the file is writable by you.
-x FILE True if the file is executable by you.
-O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you.
-G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group.
-N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read.
FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to
modification date).
FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2.
FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2.
String operators:
-z STRING True if string is empty.
-n STRING
STRING True if string is not empty.
STRING1 = STRING2
True if the strings are equal.
STRING1 != STRING2
True if the strings are not equal.
STRING1 < STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
STRING1 > STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
Other operators:
-o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled.
! EXPR True if expr is false.
EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true.
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true.
arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne,
-lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.
Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal,
less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal
than ARG2. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
`until' COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
`while' COMMANDS has an exit status of zero. For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
If the -t option is used, `type' outputs a single word which is one of
`alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an
alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file,
or unfound, respectively.
If the -p flag is used, `type' either returns the name of the disk
file that would be executed, or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not
return `file'.
If the -a flag is used, `type' displays all of the places that contain
an executable named `file'. This includes aliases, builtins, and
functions, if and only if the -p flag is not also used.
The -f flag suppresses shell function lookup.
The -P flag forces a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that would
be executed. For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Given
the `-v', unset will only act on variables. Given the `-f' flag,
unset will only act on functions. With neither flag, unset first
tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, then tries to unset a
function. Some variables cannot be unset; also see readonly. For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed.
If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be
reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for
each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications. For each NAME, the full pathname of the command is determined and
remembered. If the -p option is supplied, PATHNAME is used as the
full pathname of NAME, and no path search is performed. The -r
option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d
option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each NAME.
If the -t option is supplied the full pathname to which each NAME
corresponds is printed. If multiple NAME arguments are supplied with
-t, the NAME is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l option
causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed. Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.
OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter
is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument,
which should be separated from it by white space.
Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the
shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and
the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell
variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or
a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG.
getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character
of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In
this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is
seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a
required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and
sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in
silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into
NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?'
is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is
printed.
If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the
printing of error messages, even if the first character of
OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default.
Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if
more arguments are given, they are parsed instead. Lists the active jobs. The -l option lists process id's in addition
to the normal information; the -p option lists process id's only.
If -n is given, only processes that have changed status since the last
notification are printed. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job. The
-r and -s options restrict output to running and stopped jobs only,
respectively. Without options, the status of all active jobs is
printed. If -x is given, COMMAND is run after all job specifications
that appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's
process group leader. Logout of a login shell. NAMEs are marked for automatic export to the environment of
subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is given,
the NAMEs refer to functions. If no NAMEs are given, or if `-p'
is given, a list of all names that are exported in this shell is
printed. An argument of `-n' says to remove the export property
from subsequent NAMEs. An argument of `--' disables further option
processing. No effect; the command does nothing. A zero exit code is returned. Obsolete. See `declare'. One line is read from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD if the
-u option is supplied, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME,
the second word to the second NAME, and so on, with leftover words assigned
to the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word
delimiters. If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY
variable. If the -r option is given, this signifies `raw' input, and
backslash escaping is disabled. The -d option causes read to continue
until the first character of DELIM is read, rather than newline. If the -p
option is supplied, the string PROMPT is output without a trailing newline
before attempting to read. If -a is supplied, the words read are assigned
to sequential indices of ARRAY, starting at zero. If -e is supplied and
the shell is interactive, readline is used to obtain the line. If -n is
supplied with a non-zero NCHARS argument, read returns after NCHARS
characters have been read. The -s option causes input coming from a
terminal to not be echoed.
The -t option causes read to time out and return failure if a complete line
of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. If the TMOUT variable is set,
its value is the default timeout. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file
is encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as
the argument to -u. Output the ARGs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is
suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of the
following backslash-escaped characters is turned on:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress trailing newline
\E escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\num the character whose ASCII code is NUM (octal).
You can explicitly turn off the interpretation of the above characters
with the -E option. Output the ARGs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. Place JOB_SPEC in the foreground, and make it the current job. If
JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is
used. Place each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if it had been started with
`&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current
job is used. Print the accumulated user and system times for processes run from
the shell. Print the current working directory. With the -P option, pwd prints
the physical directory, without any symbolic links; the -L option
makes pwd follow symbolic links. Read ARGs as input to the shell and execute the resulting command(s). Read and execute commands from FILENAME and return. The pathnames
in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME. If any
ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when
FILENAME is executed. Remove NAMEs from the list of defined aliases. If the -a option is given,
then remove all alias definitions. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
removes the top directory from the stack, and cd's to the new
top directory.
+N removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0'
removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second.
-N removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0'
removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last.
-n suppress the normal change of directory when removing directories
from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
You can see the directory stack with the `dirs' command. Resume the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop.
If N is specified, resume at the N-th enclosing loop. Return a successful result. Return an unsuccessful result. Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional
expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used
by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following operators
( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION
! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false
EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false
EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false
When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of the
operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed. The
&& and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to
determine the expression's value. Returns the context of the current subroutine call.
Without EXPR, returns returns "$line $filename". With EXPR,
returns "$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information
can be used used to provide a stack trace.
The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the
current one; the top frame is frame 0. Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an
entire set of commands. Run a shell builtin. This is useful when you wish to rename a
shell builtin to be a function, but need the functionality of the
builtin within the function itself. Runs COMMAND with ARGS ignoring shell functions. If you have a shell
function called `ls', and you wish to call the command `ls', you can
say "command ls". If the -p option is given, a default value is used
for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If
the -V or -v option is given, a string is printed describing COMMAND.
The -V option produces a more verbose description. Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The
`|' is used to separate multiple patterns. Send the processes named by PID (or JOBSPEC) the signal SIGSPEC. If
SIGSPEC is not present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of `-l'
lists the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are assumed to
be signal numbers for which names should be listed. Kill is a shell
builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead of
process IDs, and, if you have reached the limit on processes that
you can create, you don't have to start a process to kill another one. Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT
signal. The `-f' if specified says not to complain about this
being a login shell if it is; just suspend anyway. The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic
evaluation. Equivalent to "let EXPRESSION". The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The
set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each
preceded by a number. If `in WORDS' is not present, `in "$@"'
is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read
from the standard input. If the line consists of the number
corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set
to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are
redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other
value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved
in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection
until a break command is executed. The `for' loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a
list of items. If `in WORDS ...;' is not present, then `in "$@"' is
assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and
the COMMANDS are executed. The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the
`then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is
executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding
`then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise,
the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the
entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero
if no condition tested true. The command ARG is to be read and executed when the shell receives
signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC
is supplied) or `-', each specified signal is reset to its original
value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the
shell and by the commands it invokes. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0)
the command ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If a SIGNAL_SPEC
is DEBUG, ARG is executed after every simple command. If the`-p' option
is supplied then the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC are
displayed. If no arguments are supplied or if only `-p' is given, trap
prints the list of commands associated with each signal. Each SIGNAL_SPEC
is either a signal name in <signal.h> or a signal number. Signal names
are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. `trap -l' prints
a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers. Note that a
signal can be sent to the shell with "kill -signal $$". The given NAMEs are marked readonly and the values of these NAMEs may
not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option is given,
then functions corresponding to the NAMEs are so marked. If no
arguments are given, or if `-p' is given, a list of all readonly names
is printed. The `-a' option means to treat each NAME as
an array variable. An argument of `--' disables further option
processing. The positional parameters from $N+1 ... are renamed to $1 ... If N is
not given, it is assumed to be 1. The user file-creation mask is set to MODE. If MODE is omitted, or if
`-S' is supplied, the current value of the mask is printed. The `-S'
option makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output.
If `-p' is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be used as input. If MODE begins with a digit, it is
interpreted as an octal number, otherwise it is a symbolic mode string
like that accepted by chmod(1). This is a synonym for the "test" builtin, but the last
argument must be a literal `]', to match the opening `['. Toggle the values of variables controlling optional behavior.
The -s flag means to enable (set) each OPTNAME; the -u flag
unsets each OPTNAME. The -q flag suppresses output; the exit
status indicates whether each OPTNAME is set or unset. The -o
option restricts the OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with
`set -o'. With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all
settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or
not each is set. Ulimit provides control over the resources available to processes
started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an
option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
-S use the `soft' resource limit
-H use the `hard' resource limit
-a all current limits are reported
-c the maximum size of core files created
-d the maximum size of a process's data segment
-f the maximum size of files created by the shell
-i the maximum number of pending signals
-l the maximum size a process may lock into memory
-m the maximum resident set size
-n the maximum number of open file descriptors
-p the pipe buffer size
-q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-s the maximum stack size
-t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-u the maximum number of user processes
-v the size of virtual memory
-x the maximum number of file locks
If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource;
the special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for
the current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively.
Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed.
If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte
increments, except for -t, which is in seconds, -p, which is in
increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled number of
processes. Wait for the specified process and report its termination status. If
N is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for,
and the return code is zero. N is a process ID; if it is not given,
all child processes of the shell are waited for. Wait for the specified process and report its termination status. If
N is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for,
and the return code is zero. N may be a process ID or a job
specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in the job's
pipeline are waited for. `alias' with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list
of aliases in the form alias NAME=VALUE on standard output.
Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given.
A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for
alias substitution when the alias is expanded. Alias returns
true unless a NAME is given for which no alias has been defined. fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.
FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a
string, which means the most recent command beginning with that
string.
-e ENAME selects which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR,
then vi.
-l means list lines instead of editing.
-n means no line numbers listed.
-r means reverse the order of the lines (making it newest listed first).
With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, the command is
re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed.
A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc'
runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes
the last command. printf formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT. FORMAT
is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain
characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape
sequences which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, %b means to
expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument, and %q
means to quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input.
If the -v option is supplied, the output is placed into the value of the
shell variable VAR rather than being sent to the standard output. $%s: cannot assign in this way %c%c: invalid option %d: invalid file descriptor: %s %s can be invoked via %s is %s
%s is a function
%s is a shell builtin
%s is a shell keyword
%s is aliased to `%s'
%s is hashed (%s)
%s is not bound to any keys.
%s out of range %s: %s out of range %s: %s: bad interpreter %s: ambiguous job spec %s: ambiguous redirect %s: arguments must be process or job IDs %s: bad network path specification %s: bad substitution %s: binary operator expected %s: cannot assign list to array member %s: cannot assign to non-numeric index %s: cannot create: %s %s: cannot delete: %s %s: cannot destroy array variables in this way %s: cannot execute binary file %s: cannot execute: %s %s: cannot get limit: %s %s: cannot modify limit: %s %s: cannot open temp file: %s %s: cannot open: %s %s: cannot overwrite existing file %s: cannot read: %s %s: cannot unset %s: cannot unset: readonly %s %s: command not found %s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s
%s: file is too large %s: file not found %s: first non-whitespace character is not `"' %s: hash table empty
%s: history expansion failed %s: host unknown %s: illegal option -- %c
%s: integer expression expected %s: invalid action name %s: invalid file descriptor specification %s: invalid limit argument %s: invalid number %s: invalid option %s: invalid option name %s: invalid service %s: invalid shell option name %s: invalid signal specification %s: invalid timeout specification %s: is a directory %s: job %d already in background %s: job has terminated %s: missing colon separator %s: no completion specification %s: no job control %s: no such job %s: not a function %s: not a regular file %s: not a shell builtin %s: not an array variable %s: not dynamically loaded %s: not found %s: numeric argument required %s: option requires an argument %s: option requires an argument -- %c
%s: parameter null or not set %s: readonly function %s: readonly variable %s: restricted %s: restricted: cannot redirect output %s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names %s: substring expression < 0 %s: unary operator expected %s: unbound variable %s: warning: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting +N displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by +N removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting -N displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by -N removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list -n suppress the normal change of directory when adding directories -n suppress the normal change of directory when removing directories /dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port not supported without networking /tmp must be a valid directory name <no current directory> Aborting... Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories GNU long options:
HOME not set I have no name! OLDPWD not set Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, Returns the context of the current subroutine call. Shell commands matching keyword ` Shell commands matching keywords ` Shell options:
TIMEFORMAT: `%c': invalid format character The -c flag clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. The -l flag specifies that `dirs' should not print shorthand versions The mail in %s has been read
The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the There are stopped jobs.
These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
Type `%s -c "help set"' for more information about shell options.
Type `%s -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands.
Unknown error Usage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ...
%s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ...
Use "%s" to leave the shell.
Use the `bashbug' command to report bugs.
Without EXPR, returns returns "$line $filename". With EXPR, You can see the directory stack with the `dirs' command. You have mail in $_ You have new mail in $_ `%c': bad command `%c': invalid format character `%c': invalid symbolic mode character `%c': invalid symbolic mode operator `%s': cannot unbind `%s': invalid keymap name `%s': missing format character `%s': not a pid or valid job spec `%s': not a valid identifier `%s': unknown function name `)' expected `)' expected, found %s `:' expected for conditional expression all_local_variables: no function context at current scope allocated argument argument expected attempted assignment to non-variable back up through the list with the `popd' command. bad array subscript bad command type bad connector bad jump bad substitution: no closing `%s' in %s bash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for command bug: bad expassign token bug: unknown operation can be used used to provide a stack trace. can only `return' from a function or sourced script can only be used in a function cannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %d cannot create temp file for here document: %s cannot duplicate fd %d to fd %d cannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %d cannot find %s in shared object %s: %s cannot make child for command substitution cannot make child for process substitution cannot make pipe for command substitution cannot make pipe for process substitution cannot open named pipe %s for reading cannot open named pipe %s for writing cannot open shared object %s: %s cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %s cannot set and unset shell options simultaneously cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variable cannot suspend cannot suspend a login shell cannot use `-f' to make functions cannot use more than one of -anrw cannout reset nodelay mode for fd %d causes `dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per line, command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1 completion: function `%s' not found conditional binary operator expected could not find /tmp, please create! cprintf: `%c': invalid format character current one; the top frame is frame 0. deleting stopped job %d with process group %ld describe_pid: %ld: no such pid dir adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. division by 0 dynamic loading not available error importing function definition for `%s' expected `)' exponent less than 0 expression expected expression recursion level exceeded file descriptor out of range filename argument required find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get flag does the same thing, but the stack position is not prepended. free: called with already freed block argument free: called with unallocated block argument free: start and end chunk sizes differ free: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range freed getcwd: cannot access parent directories hashing disabled history position history specification identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrement invalid arithmetic base invalid base invalid character %d in exportstr for %s invalid number invalid signal number job %d started without job control just resized last command: %s
make_here_document: bad instruction type %d make_local_variable: no function context at current scope make_redirection: redirection instruction `%d' out of range malloc: block on free list clobbered malloc: failed assertion: %s
malloc: watch alert: %p %s missing `)' missing `]' missing hex digit for \x network operations not supported no `=' in exportstr for %s no closing `%c' in %s no command found no help topics match `%s'. Try `help help' or `man -k %s' or `info %s'. no job control no job control in this shell no match: %s no other directory no other options allowed with `-x' not login shell: use `exit' octal number of directories which are relative to your home directory. This means only meaningful in a `for', `while', or `until' loop pop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scope pop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function context pop_var_context: no global_variables context prepending the directory name with its position in the stack. The -p print_command: bad connector `%d' progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPEC read error: %d: %s realloc: called with unallocated block argument realloc: start and end chunk sizes differ realloc: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range recursion stack underflow redirection error: cannot duplicate fd register_alloc: %p already in table as allocated?
register_alloc: alloc table is full with FIND_ALLOC?
register_free: %p already in table as free?
removes the top directory from the stack, and cd's to the new requesting resize restricted returns "$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %p run_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myself save_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %d shell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1 shift count sigprocmask: %d: invalid operation syntax error syntax error in conditional expression syntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token `%s' syntax error in expression syntax error near `%s' syntax error near unexpected token `%s' syntax error: `((%s))' syntax error: `;' unexpected syntax error: arithmetic expression required syntax error: operand expected syntax error: unexpected end of file that `~/bin' might be displayed as `/homes/bfox/bin'. The -v flag the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working too many arguments top directory. trap_handler: bad signal %d unexpected EOF while looking for `]]' unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c' unexpected EOF while looking for matching `)' unexpected argument `%s' to conditional binary operator unexpected argument `%s' to conditional unary operator unexpected argument to conditional binary operator unexpected argument to conditional unary operator unexpected token %d in conditional command unexpected token `%c' in conditional command unexpected token `%s' in conditional command unexpected token `%s', conditional binary operator expected unexpected token `%s', expected `)' unknown command error value too great for base wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shell wait_for: No record of process %ld wait_for_job: job %d is stopped warning: -C option may not work as you expect warning: -F option may not work as you expect write error: %s xmalloc: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes xmalloc: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) xmalloc: cannot allocate %lu bytes xmalloc: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) xrealloc: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes xrealloc: %s:%d: cannot reallocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) xrealloc: cannot allocate %lu bytes xrealloc: cannot reallocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) Project-Id-Version: GNU bash 3.1-beta1
POT-Creation-Date: 2005-10-03 17:31-0400
PO-Revision-Date: 2005-10-03 17:31-0400
Last-Translator: Automatically generated
Language-Team: none
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);
timed out waiting for input: auto-logout
-%s or -o option
-irsD or -c command or -O shopt_option (invocation only)
malloc: %s:%d: assertion botched
-a Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
-b Notify of job termination immediately.
-e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
-f Disable file name generation (globbing).
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up.
-k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a
command, not just those that precede the command name.
-m Job control is enabled.
-n Read commands but do not execute them.
-o option-name
Set the variable corresponding to option-name:
allexport same as -a
braceexpand same as -B
emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface
errexit same as -e
errtrace same as -E
functrace same as -T
hashall same as -h
histexpand same as -H
history enable command history
ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF
interactive-comments
allow comments to appear in interactive commands
keyword same as -k
monitor same as -m
noclobber same as -C
noexec same as -n
noglob same as -f
nolog currently accepted but ignored
notify same as -b
nounset same as -u
onecmd same as -t
physical same as -P
pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of
the last command to exit with a non-zero status,
or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status
posix change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the 1003.2 standard to
match the standard
privileged same as -p
verbose same as -v
vi use a vi-style line editing interface
xtrace same as -x
-p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.
Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell
functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and
gid to be set to the real uid and gid.
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
-B the shell will perform brace expansion
-C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten
by redirection of output.
-E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands
such as cd which change the current directory.
-T If set, the DEBUG trap is inherited by shell functions.
- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
The -x and -v options are turned off.
Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The
flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current
set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional
parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no
ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed. dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. from the left of the list shown by ‘dirs’, starting with from the right of the list shown by ‘dirs’, starting with from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. new current working directory. removes the first directory, ‘popd +1’ the second. removes the last directory, ‘popd -1’ the next to last. shown by ‘dirs’, starting with zero. For example: ‘popd +0’ shown by ‘dirs’, starting with zero. For example: ‘popd -0’ to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. zero) is at the top. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories.
+N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by ‘dirs’, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by ‘dirs’, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-n suppress the normal change of directory when adding directories
to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
dir adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
You can see the directory stack with the ‘dirs’ command. BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash.
CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search
for directries given as arguments to ‘cd’.
GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to
be ignored by pathname expansion.
HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored.
HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain.
HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running
shell can access.
HOME The complete pathname to your login directory.
HOSTNAME The name of the current host.
HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under.
IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF
character as the sole input. If set, then the value
of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen
in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit
(default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input.
MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on.
MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail.
MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks
for new mail.
OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on.
PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when
looking for commands.
PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each
primary prompt.
PS1 The primary prompt string.
PS2 The secondary prompt string.
PWD The full pathname of the current directory.
SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.
TERM The name of the current terminal type.
TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the
‘time’ reserved word.
auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by
itself is first looked for in the list of currently
stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded.
A value of ‘exact’ means that the command word must
exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A
value of ‘substring’ means that the command word must
match a substring of the job. Any other value means that
the command must be a prefix of a stopped job.
histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick
substitution. The first character is the history
substitution character, usually ‘!’. The second is
the ‘quick substitution’ character, usually ‘^’. The
third is the ‘history comment’ character, usually ‘#’.
HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which
commands should be saved on the history list.
Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set
a Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent
to that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument:
bind '“\C-x\C-r”: re-read-init-file'.
bind accepts the following options:
-m keymap Use ‘keymap’ as the keymap for the duration of this
command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs,
emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
vi-command, and vi-insert.
-l List names of functions.
-P List function names and bindings.
-p List functions and bindings in a form that can be
reused as input.
-r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ.
-x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when
KEYSEQ is entered.
-f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME.
-q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function.
-V List variable names and values
-v List variable names and values in a form that can
be reused as input.
-S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
-s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
in a form that can be reused as input. By default, removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs.
If the -h option is given, the job is not removed from the table, but is
marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a
SIGHUP. The -a option, when JOBSPEC is not supplied, means to remove all
jobs from the job table; the -r option means to remove only running jobs. Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by N. If N
is omitted, the return status is that of the last command. Change the current directory to DIR. The variable $HOME is the
default DIR. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for
the directory containing DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH
are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name is the same as
the current directory, i.e. ‘.’. If DIR begins with a slash (/),
then CDPATH is not used. If the directory is not found, and the
shell option ‘cdable_vars’ is set, then try the word as a variable
name. If that variable has a value, then cd to the value of that
variable. The -P option says to use the physical directory structure
instead of following symbolic links; the -L option forces symbolic links
to be followed. Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. LOCAL
can only be used within a function; it makes the variable NAME
have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. Create a simple command invoked by NAME which runs COMMANDS.
Arguments on the command line along with NAME are passed to the
function as $0 .. $n. Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no NAMEs are
given, then display the values of variables instead. The -p option
will display the attributes and values of each NAME.
The flags are:
-a to make NAMEs arrays (if supported)
-f to select from among function names only
-F to display function names (and line number and source file name if
debugging) without definitions
-i to make NAMEs have the ‘integer’ attribute
-r to make NAMEs readonly
-t to make NAMEs have the ‘trace’ attribute
-x to make NAMEs export
Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see
‘let’) done when the variable is assigned to.
When displaying values of variables, -f displays a function's name
and definition. The -F option restricts the display to function
name only.
Using ‘+’ instead of ‘-’ turns off the given attribute instead. When
used in a function, makes NAMEs local, as with the ‘local’ command. Display helpful information about builtin commands. If PATTERN is
specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,
otherwise a list of the builtins is printed. The -s option
restricts the output for each builtin command matching PATTERN to
a short usage synopsis. Display the history list with line numbers. Lines listed with
with a ‘*’ have been modified. Argument of N says to list only
the last N lines. The ‘-c’ option causes the history list to be
cleared by deleting all of the entries. The ‘-d’ option deletes
the history entry at offset OFFSET. The ‘-w’ option writes out the
current history to the history file; ‘-r’ means to read the file and
append the contents to the history list instead. ‘-a’ means
to append history lines from this session to the history file.
Argument ‘-n’ means to read all history lines not already read
from the history file and append them to the history list.
If FILENAME is given, then that is used as the history file else
if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history.
If the -s option is supplied, the non-option ARGs are appended to
the history list as a single entry. The -p option means to perform
history expansion on each ARG and display the result, without storing
anything in the history list.
If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used
as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated
with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
find their way onto the list with the ‘pushd’ command; you can get
back up through the list with the ‘popd’ command.
The -l flag specifies that ‘dirs’ should not print shorthand versions
of directories which are relative to your home directory. This means
that ‘~/bin’ might be displayed as ‘/homes/bfox/bin’. The -v flag
causes ‘dirs’ to print the directory stack with one entry per line,
prepending the directory name with its position in the stack. The -p
flag does the same thing, but the stack position is not prepended.
The -c flag clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+N displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.
-N displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by
dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Display the possible completions depending on the options. Intended
to be used from within a shell function generating possible completions.
If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against WORD are
generated. Each ARG is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Evaluation
is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though
division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The following
list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators.
The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
id++, id-- variable post-increment, post-decrement
++id, --id variable pre-increment, pre-decrement
-, + unary minus, plus
!, ~ logical and bitwise negation
** exponentiation
*, /, % multiplication, division, remainder
+, - addition, subtraction
<<, >> left and right bitwise shifts
<=, >=, <, > comparison
==, != equality, inequality
& bitwise AND
^ bitwise XOR
| bitwise OR
&& logical AND
|| logical OR
expr ? expr : expr
conditional operator
=, *=, /=, %=,
+=, -=, <<=, >>=,
&=, ^=, |= assignment
Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable
is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within
an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute
turned on to be used in an expression.
Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
rules above.
If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returned
otherwise. Enable and disable builtin shell commands. This allows
you to use a disk command which has the same name as a shell
builtin without specifying a full pathname. If -n is used, the
NAMEs become disabled; otherwise NAMEs are enabled. For example,
to use the ‘test’ found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin
version, type ‘enable -n test’. On systems supporting dynamic
loading, the -f option may be used to load new builtins from the
shared object FILENAME. The -d option will delete a builtin
previously loaded with -f. If no non-option names are given, or
the -p option is supplied, a list of builtins is printed. The
-a option means to print every builtin with an indication of whether
or not it is enabled. The -s option restricts the output to the POSIX.2
‘special’ builtins. The -n option displays a list of all disabled builtins. Equivalent to
(( EXP1 ))
while (( EXP2 )); do
COMMANDS
(( EXP3 ))
done
EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is
omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the ‘fg’ command. Resume a
stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name
or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a ‘&’ places the job in
the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an
argument to ‘bg’. Exec FILE, replacing this shell with the specified program.
If FILE is not specified, the redirections take effect in this
shell. If the first argument is ‘-l’, then place a dash in the
zeroth arg passed to FILE, as login does. If the ‘-c’ option
is supplied, FILE is executed with a null environment. The ‘-a’
option means to make set argv[0] of the executed process to NAME.
If the file cannot be executed and the shell is not interactive,
then the shell exits, unless the shell option ‘execfail’ is set. Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time,
and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates.
The return status is the return status of PIPELINE. The ‘-p’ option
prints the timing summary in a slightly different format. This uses
the value of the TIMEFORMAT variable as the output format. Exit from within a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified,
break N levels. Exit the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status
is that of the last command executed. Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary
expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There
are string operators as well, and numeric comparison operators.
File operators:
-a FILE True if file exists.
-b FILE True if file is block special.
-c FILE True if file is character special.
-d FILE True if file is a directory.
-e FILE True if file exists.
-f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file.
-g FILE True if file is set-group-id.
-h FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-L FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-k FILE True if file has its ‘sticky’ bit set.
-p FILE True if file is a named pipe.
-r FILE True if file is readable by you.
-s FILE True if file exists and is not empty.
-S FILE True if file is a socket.
-t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal.
-u FILE True if the file is set-user-id.
-w FILE True if the file is writable by you.
-x FILE True if the file is executable by you.
-O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you.
-G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group.
-N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read.
FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to
modification date).
FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2.
FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2.
String operators:
-z STRING True if string is empty.
-n STRING
STRING True if string is not empty.
STRING1 = STRING2
True if the strings are equal.
STRING1 != STRING2
True if the strings are not equal.
STRING1 < STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
STRING1 > STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
Other operators:
-o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled.
! EXPR True if expr is false.
EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true.
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true.
arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne,
-lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.
Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal,
less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal
than ARG2. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
‘until’ COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the
‘while’ COMMANDS has an exit status of zero. For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
If the -t option is used, ‘type’ outputs a single word which is one of
‘alias’, ‘keyword’, ‘function’, ‘builtin’, ‘file’ or ‘’, if NAME is an
alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file,
or unfound, respectively.
If the -p flag is used, ‘type’ either returns the name of the disk
file that would be executed, or nothing if ‘type -t NAME’ would not
return ‘file’.
If the -a flag is used, ‘type’ displays all of the places that contain
an executable named ‘file’. This includes aliases, builtins, and
functions, if and only if the -p flag is not also used.
The -f flag suppresses shell function lookup.
The -P flag forces a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that would
be executed. For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Given
the ‘-v’, unset will only act on variables. Given the ‘-f’ flag,
unset will only act on functions. With neither flag, unset first
tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, then tries to unset a
function. Some variables cannot be unset; also see readonly. For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed.
If the -p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be
reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for
each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications. For each NAME, the full pathname of the command is determined and
remembered. If the -p option is supplied, PATHNAME is used as the
full pathname of NAME, and no path search is performed. The -r
option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d
option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each NAME.
If the -t option is supplied the full pathname to which each NAME
corresponds is printed. If multiple NAME arguments are supplied with
-t, the NAME is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l option
causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed. Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.
OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter
is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument,
which should be separated from it by white space.
Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the
shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and
the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell
variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or
a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG.
getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character
of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In
this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is
seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a
required argument is not found, getopts places a ‘:’ into NAME and
sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in
silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places ‘?’ into
NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a ‘?’
is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is
printed.
If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the
printing of error messages, even if the first character of
OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default.
Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if
more arguments are given, they are parsed instead. Lists the active jobs. The -l option lists process id's in addition
to the normal information; the -p option lists process id's only.
If -n is given, only processes that have changed status since the last
notification are printed. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job. The
-r and -s options restrict output to running and stopped jobs only,
respectively. Without options, the status of all active jobs is
printed. If -x is given, COMMAND is run after all job specifications
that appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's
process group leader. Logout of a login shell. NAMEs are marked for automatic export to the environment of
subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is given,
the NAMEs refer to functions. If no NAMEs are given, or if ‘-p’
is given, a list of all names that are exported in this shell is
printed. An argument of ‘-n’ says to remove the export property
from subsequent NAMEs. An argument of ‘--’ disables further option
processing. No effect; the command does nothing. A zero exit code is returned. Obsolete. See ‘declare’. One line is read from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD if the
-u option is supplied, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME,
the second word to the second NAME, and so on, with leftover words assigned
to the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word
delimiters. If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY
variable. If the -r option is given, this signifies ‘raw’ input, and
backslash escaping is disabled. The -d option causes read to continue
until the first character of DELIM is read, rather than newline. If the -p
option is supplied, the string PROMPT is output without a trailing newline
before attempting to read. If -a is supplied, the words read are assigned
to sequential indices of ARRAY, starting at zero. If -e is supplied and
the shell is interactive, readline is used to obtain the line. If -n is
supplied with a non-zero NCHARS argument, read returns after NCHARS
characters have been read. The -s option causes input coming from a
terminal to not be echoed.
The -t option causes read to time out and return failure if a complete line
of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. If the TMOUT variable is set,
its value is the default timeout. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file
is encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as
the argument to -u. Output the ARGs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is
suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of the
following backslash-escaped characters is turned on:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress trailing newline
\E escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\num the character whose ASCII code is NUM (octal).
You can explicitly turn off the interpretation of the above characters
with the -E option. Output the ARGs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. Place JOB_SPEC in the foreground, and make it the current job. If
JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is
used. Place each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if it had been started with
‘&’. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current
job is used. Print the accumulated user and system times for processes run from
the shell. Print the current working directory. With the -P option, pwd prints
the physical directory, without any symbolic links; the -L option
makes pwd follow symbolic links. Read ARGs as input to the shell and execute the resulting command(s). Read and execute commands from FILENAME and return. The pathnames
in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME. If any
ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when
FILENAME is executed. Remove NAMEs from the list of defined aliases. If the -a option is given,
then remove all alias definitions. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
removes the top directory from the stack, and cd's to the new
top directory.
+N removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by ‘dirs’, starting with zero. For example: ‘popd +0’
removes the first directory, ‘popd +1’ the second.
-N removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by ‘dirs’, starting with zero. For example: ‘popd -0’
removes the last directory, ‘popd -1’ the next to last.
-n suppress the normal change of directory when removing directories
from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated.
You can see the directory stack with the ‘dirs’ command. Resume the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop.
If N is specified, resume at the N-th enclosing loop. Return a successful result. Return an unsuccessful result. Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional
expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used
by the ‘test’ builtin, and may be combined using the following operators
( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION
! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false
EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false
EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false
When the ‘==’ and ‘!=’ operators are used, the string to the right of the
operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed. The
&& and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to
determine the expression's value. Returns the context of the current subroutine call.
Without EXPR, returns returns “$line $filename”. With EXPR,
returns “$line $subroutine $filename”; this extra information
can be used used to provide a stack trace.
The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the
current one; the top frame is frame 0. Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an
entire set of commands. Run a shell builtin. This is useful when you wish to rename a
shell builtin to be a function, but need the functionality of the
builtin within the function itself. Runs COMMAND with ARGS ignoring shell functions. If you have a shell
function called ‘ls’, and you wish to call the command ‘ls’, you can
say “command ls”. If the -p option is given, a default value is used
for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If
the -V or -v option is given, a string is printed describing COMMAND.
The -V option produces a more verbose description. Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The
‘|’ is used to separate multiple patterns. Send the processes named by PID (or JOBSPEC) the signal SIGSPEC. If
SIGSPEC is not present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of ‘-l’
lists the signal names; if arguments follow ‘-l’ they are assumed to
be signal numbers for which names should be listed. Kill is a shell
builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead of
process IDs, and, if you have reached the limit on processes that
you can create, you don't have to start a process to kill another one. Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT
signal. The ‘-f’ if specified says not to complain about this
being a login shell if it is; just suspend anyway. The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic
evaluation. Equivalent to “let EXPRESSION”. The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The
set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each
preceded by a number. If ‘in WORDS’ is not present, ‘in “$@”’
is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read
from the standard input. If the line consists of the number
corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set
to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are
redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other
value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved
in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection
until a break command is executed. The ‘for’ loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a
list of items. If ‘in WORDS ...;’ is not present, then ‘in “$@”’ is
assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and
the COMMANDS are executed. The ‘if COMMANDS’ list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the
‘then COMMANDS’ list is executed. Otherwise, each ‘elif COMMANDS’ list is
executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding
‘then COMMANDS’ list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise,
the ‘else COMMANDS’ list is executed, if present. The exit status of the
entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero
if no condition tested true. The command ARG is to be read and executed when the shell receives
signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC
is supplied) or ‘-’, each specified signal is reset to its original
value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the
shell and by the commands it invokes. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0)
the command ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If a SIGNAL_SPEC
is DEBUG, ARG is executed after every simple command. If the‘-p’ option
is supplied then the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC are
displayed. If no arguments are supplied or if only ‘-p’ is given, trap
prints the list of commands associated with each signal. Each SIGNAL_SPEC
is either a signal name in <signal.h> or a signal number. Signal names
are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. ‘trap -l’ prints
a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers. Note that a
signal can be sent to the shell with “kill -signal $$”. The given NAMEs are marked readonly and the values of these NAMEs may
not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option is given,
then functions corresponding to the NAMEs are so marked. If no
arguments are given, or if ‘-p’ is given, a list of all readonly names
is printed. The ‘-a’ option means to treat each NAME as
an array variable. An argument of ‘--’ disables further option
processing. The positional parameters from $N+1 ... are renamed to $1 ... If N is
not given, it is assumed to be 1. The user file-creation mask is set to MODE. If MODE is omitted, or if
‘-S’ is supplied, the current value of the mask is printed. The ‘-S’
option makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output.
If ‘-p’ is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be used as input. If MODE begins with a digit, it is
interpreted as an octal number, otherwise it is a symbolic mode string
like that accepted by chmod(1). This is a synonym for the “test” builtin, but the last
argument must be a literal ‘]’, to match the opening ‘[’. Toggle the values of variables controlling optional behavior.
The -s flag means to enable (set) each OPTNAME; the -u flag
unsets each OPTNAME. The -q flag suppresses output; the exit
status indicates whether each OPTNAME is set or unset. The -o
option restricts the OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with
‘set -o’. With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all
settable options is displayed, with an indication of whether or
not each is set. Ulimit provides control over the resources available to processes
started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an
option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
-S use the ‘soft’ resource limit
-H use the ‘hard’ resource limit
-a all current limits are reported
-c the maximum size of core files created
-d the maximum size of a process's data segment
-f the maximum size of files created by the shell
-i the maximum number of pending signals
-l the maximum size a process may lock into memory
-m the maximum resident set size
-n the maximum number of open file descriptors
-p the pipe buffer size
-q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-s the maximum stack size
-t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-u the maximum number of user processes
-v the size of virtual memory
-x the maximum number of file locks
If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource;
the special LIMIT values ‘soft’, ‘hard’, and ‘unlimited’ stand for
the current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively.
Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed.
If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte
increments, except for -t, which is in seconds, -p, which is in
increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled number of
processes. Wait for the specified process and report its termination status. If
N is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for,
and the return code is zero. N is a process ID; if it is not given,
all child processes of the shell are waited for. Wait for the specified process and report its termination status. If
N is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for,
and the return code is zero. N may be a process ID or a job
specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in the job's
pipeline are waited for. ‘alias’ with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list
of aliases in the form alias NAME=VALUE on standard output.
Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given.
A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for
alias substitution when the alias is expanded. Alias returns
true unless a NAME is given for which no alias has been defined. fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.
FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a
string, which means the most recent command beginning with that
string.
-e ENAME selects which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR,
then vi.
-l means list lines instead of editing.
-n means no line numbers listed.
-r means reverse the order of the lines (making it newest listed first).
With the ‘fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]’ format, the command is
re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed.
A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing ‘r cc’
runs the last command beginning with ‘cc’ and typing ‘r’ re-executes
the last command. printf formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT. FORMAT
is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain
characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape
sequences which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, %b means to
expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument, and %q
means to quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input.
If the -v option is supplied, the output is placed into the value of the
shell variable VAR rather than being sent to the standard output. $%s: cannot assign in this way %c%c: invalid option %d: invalid file descriptor: %s %s can be invoked via %s is %s
%s is a function
%s is a shell builtin
%s is a shell keyword
%s is aliased to ‘%s’
%s is hashed (%s)
%s is not bound to any keys.
%s out of range %s: %s out of range %s: %s: bad interpreter %s: ambiguous job spec %s: ambiguous redirect %s: arguments must be process or job IDs %s: bad network path specification %s: bad substitution %s: binary operator expected %s: cannot assign list to array member %s: cannot assign to non-numeric index %s: cannot create: %s %s: cannot delete: %s %s: cannot destroy array variables in this way %s: cannot execute binary file %s: cannot execute: %s %s: cannot get limit: %s %s: cannot modify limit: %s %s: cannot open temp file: %s %s: cannot open: %s %s: cannot overwrite existing file %s: cannot read: %s %s: cannot unset %s: cannot unset: readonly %s %s: command not found %s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s
%s: file is too large %s: file not found %s: first non-whitespace character is not ‘"’ %s: hash table empty
%s: history expansion failed %s: host unknown %s: illegal option -- %c
%s: integer expression expected %s: invalid action name %s: invalid file descriptor specification %s: invalid limit argument %s: invalid number %s: invalid option %s: invalid option name %s: invalid service %s: invalid shell option name %s: invalid signal specification %s: invalid timeout specification %s: is a directory %s: job %d already in background %s: job has terminated %s: missing colon separator %s: no completion specification %s: no job control %s: no such job %s: not a function %s: not a regular file %s: not a shell builtin %s: not an array variable %s: not dynamically loaded %s: not found %s: numeric argument required %s: option requires an argument %s: option requires an argument -- %c
%s: parameter null or not set %s: readonly function %s: readonly variable %s: restricted %s: restricted: cannot redirect output %s: restricted: cannot specify ‘/’ in command names %s: substring expression < 0 %s: unary operator expected %s: unbound variable %s: warning: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting +N displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by +N removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting -N displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by -N removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list -n suppress the normal change of directory when adding directories -n suppress the normal change of directory when removing directories /dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port not supported without networking /tmp must be a valid directory name <no current directory> Aborting... Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories GNU long options:
HOME not set I have no name! OLDPWD not set Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, Returns the context of the current subroutine call. Shell commands matching keyword ` Shell commands matching keywords ` Shell options:
TIMEFORMAT: ‘%c’: invalid format character The -c flag clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements. The -l flag specifies that ‘dirs’ should not print shorthand versions The mail in %s has been read
The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the There are stopped jobs.
These shell commands are defined internally. Type ‘help’ to see this list.
Type ‘help name’ to find out more about the function ‘name’.
Use ‘info bash’ to find out more about the shell in general.
Use ‘man -k’ or ‘info’ to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
Type ‘%s -c “help set”’ for more information about shell options.
Type ‘%s -c help’ for more information about shell builtin commands.
Unknown error Usage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ...
%s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ...
Use “%s” to leave the shell.
Use the ‘bashbug’ command to report bugs.
Without EXPR, returns returns “$line $filename”. With EXPR, You can see the directory stack with the ‘dirs’ command. You have mail in $_ You have new mail in $_ ‘%c’: bad command ‘%c’: invalid format character ‘%c’: invalid symbolic mode character ‘%c’: invalid symbolic mode operator ‘%s’: cannot unbind ‘%s’: invalid keymap name ‘%s’: missing format character ‘%s’: not a pid or valid job spec ‘%s’: not a valid identifier ‘%s’: unknown function name ‘)’ expected ‘)’ expected, found %s ‘:’ expected for conditional expression all_local_variables: no function context at current scope allocated argument argument expected attempted assignment to non-variable back up through the list with the ‘popd’ command. bad array subscript bad command type bad connector bad jump bad substitution: no closing ‘%s’ in %s bash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for command bug: bad expassign token bug: unknown operation can be used used to provide a stack trace. can only ‘return’ from a function or sourced script can only be used in a function cannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %d cannot create temp file for here document: %s cannot duplicate fd %d to fd %d cannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %d cannot find %s in shared object %s: %s cannot make child for command substitution cannot make child for process substitution cannot make pipe for command substitution cannot make pipe for process substitution cannot open named pipe %s for reading cannot open named pipe %s for writing cannot open shared object %s: %s cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %s cannot set and unset shell options simultaneously cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variable cannot suspend cannot suspend a login shell cannot use ‘-f’ to make functions cannot use more than one of -anrw cannout reset nodelay mode for fd %d causes ‘dirs’ to print the directory stack with one entry per line, command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1 completion: function ‘%s’ not found conditional binary operator expected could not find /tmp, please create! cprintf: ‘%c’: invalid format character current one; the top frame is frame 0. deleting stopped job %d with process group %ld describe_pid: %ld: no such pid dir adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. division by 0 dynamic loading not available error importing function definition for ‘%s’ expected ‘)’ exponent less than 0 expression expected expression recursion level exceeded file descriptor out of range filename argument required find their way onto the list with the ‘pushd’ command; you can get flag does the same thing, but the stack position is not prepended. free: called with already freed block argument free: called with unallocated block argument free: start and end chunk sizes differ free: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range freed getcwd: cannot access parent directories hashing disabled history position history specification identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrement invalid arithmetic base invalid base invalid character %d in exportstr for %s invalid number invalid signal number job %d started without job control just resized last command: %s
make_here_document: bad instruction type %d make_local_variable: no function context at current scope make_redirection: redirection instruction ‘%d’ out of range malloc: block on free list clobbered malloc: failed assertion: %s
malloc: watch alert: %p %s missing ‘)’ missing ‘]’ missing hex digit for \x network operations not supported no ‘=’ in exportstr for %s no closing ‘%c’ in %s no command found no help topics match ‘%s’. Try ‘help help’ or ‘man -k %s’ or ‘info %s’. no job control no job control in this shell no match: %s no other directory no other options allowed with ‘-x’ not login shell: use ‘exit’ octal number of directories which are relative to your home directory. This means only meaningful in a ‘for’, ‘while’, or ‘until’ loop pop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scope pop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function context pop_var_context: no global_variables context prepending the directory name with its position in the stack. The -p print_command: bad connector ‘%d’ progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPEC read error: %d: %s realloc: called with unallocated block argument realloc: start and end chunk sizes differ realloc: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of range recursion stack underflow redirection error: cannot duplicate fd register_alloc: %p already in table as allocated?
register_alloc: alloc table is full with FIND_ALLOC?
register_free: %p already in table as free?
removes the top directory from the stack, and cd's to the new requesting resize restricted returns “$line $subroutine $filename”; this extra information run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %p run_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myself save_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %d shell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1 shift count sigprocmask: %d: invalid operation syntax error syntax error in conditional expression syntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token ‘%s’ syntax error in expression syntax error near ‘%s’ syntax error near unexpected token ‘%s’ syntax error: ‘((%s))’ syntax error: ‘;’ unexpected syntax error: arithmetic expression required syntax error: operand expected syntax error: unexpected end of file that ‘~/bin’ might be displayed as ‘/homes/bfox/bin’. The -v flag the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working too many arguments top directory. trap_handler: bad signal %d unexpected EOF while looking for ‘]]’ unexpected EOF while looking for matching ‘%c’ unexpected EOF while looking for matching ‘)’ unexpected argument ‘%s’ to conditional binary operator unexpected argument ‘%s’ to conditional unary operator unexpected argument to conditional binary operator unexpected argument to conditional unary operator unexpected token %d in conditional command unexpected token ‘%c’ in conditional command unexpected token ‘%s’ in conditional command unexpected token ‘%s’, conditional binary operator expected unexpected token ‘%s’, expected ‘)’ unknown command error value too great for base wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shell wait_for: No record of process %ld wait_for_job: job %d is stopped warning: -C option may not work as you expect warning: -F option may not work as you expect write error: %s xmalloc: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes xmalloc: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) xmalloc: cannot allocate %lu bytes xmalloc: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) xrealloc: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes xrealloc: %s:%d: cannot reallocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated) xrealloc: cannot allocate %lu bytes xrealloc: cannot reallocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated)