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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "Test::Tutorial 3"
.TH Test::Tutorial 3 "2019-10-24" "perl v5.30.2" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
Test::Tutorial \- A tutorial about writing really basic tests
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
\&\fI\s-1AHHHHHHH\s0!!!! \s-1NOT TESTING\s0! Anything but testing!
Beat me, whip me, send me to Detroit, but don't make
me write tests!\fR
.PP
\&\fI*sob*\fR
.PP
\&\fIBesides, I don't know how to write the damned things.\fR
.PP
Is this you? Is writing tests right up there with writing
documentation and having your fingernails pulled out? Did you open up
a test and read
.PP
.Vb 1
\& ######## We start with some black magic
.Ve
.PP
and decide that's quite enough for you?
.PP
It's ok. That's all gone now. We've done all the black magic for
you. And here are the tricks...
.SS "Nuts and bolts of testing."
.IX Subsection "Nuts and bolts of testing."
Here's the most basic test program.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& #!/usr/bin/perl \-w
\&
\& print "1..1\en";
\&
\& print 1 + 1 == 2 ? "ok 1\en" : "not ok 1\en";
.Ve
.PP
Because 1 + 1 is 2, it prints:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& 1..1
\& ok 1
.Ve
.PP
What this says is: \f(CW1..1\fR \*(L"I'm going to run one test.\*(R" [1] \f(CW\*(C`ok 1\*(C'\fR
\&\*(L"The first test passed\*(R". And that's about all magic there is to
testing. Your basic unit of testing is the \fIok\fR. For each thing you
test, an \f(CW\*(C`ok\*(C'\fR is printed. Simple. Test::Harness interprets your test
results to determine if you succeeded or failed (more on that later).
.PP
Writing all these print statements rapidly gets tedious. Fortunately,
there's Test::Simple. It has one function, \f(CW\*(C`ok()\*(C'\fR.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& #!/usr/bin/perl \-w
\&
\& use Test::Simple tests => 1;
\&
\& ok( 1 + 1 == 2 );
.Ve
.PP
That does the same thing as the previous code. \f(CW\*(C`ok()\*(C'\fR is the backbone
of Perl testing, and we'll be using it instead of roll-your-own from
here on. If \f(CW\*(C`ok()\*(C'\fR gets a true value, the test passes. False, it
fails.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& #!/usr/bin/perl \-w
\&
\& use Test::Simple tests => 2;
\& ok( 1 + 1 == 2 );
\& ok( 2 + 2 == 5 );
.Ve
.PP
From that comes:
.PP
.Vb 5
\& 1..2
\& ok 1
\& not ok 2
\& # Failed test (test.pl at line 5)
\& # Looks like you failed 1 tests of 2.
.Ve
.PP
\&\f(CW1..2\fR \*(L"I'm going to run two tests.\*(R" This number is a \fIplan\fR. It helps to
ensure your test program ran all the way through and didn't die or skip some
tests. \f(CW\*(C`ok 1\*(C'\fR \*(L"The first test passed.\*(R" \f(CW\*(C`not ok 2\*(C'\fR \*(L"The second test failed\*(R".
Test::Simple helpfully prints out some extra commentary about your tests.
.PP
It's not scary. Come, hold my hand. We're going to give an example
of testing a module. For our example, we'll be testing a date
library, Date::ICal. It's on \s-1CPAN,\s0 so download a copy and follow
along. [2]
.SS "Where to start?"
.IX Subsection "Where to start?"
This is the hardest part of testing, where do you start? People often get
overwhelmed at the apparent enormity of the task of testing a whole module.
The best place to start is at the beginning. Date::ICal is an
object-oriented module, and that means you start by making an object. Test
\&\f(CW\*(C`new()\*(C'\fR.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& #!/usr/bin/perl \-w
\&
\& # assume these two lines are in all subsequent examples
\& use strict;
\& use warnings;
\&
\& use Test::Simple tests => 2;
\&
\& use Date::ICal;
\&
\& my $ical = Date::ICal\->new; # create an object
\& ok( defined $ical ); # check that we got something
\& ok( $ical\->isa(\*(AqDate::ICal\*(Aq) ); # and it\*(Aqs the right class
.Ve
.PP
Run that and you should get:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& 1..2
\& ok 1
\& ok 2
.Ve
.PP
Congratulations! You've written your first useful test.
.SS "Names"
.IX Subsection "Names"
That output isn't terribly descriptive, is it? When you have two tests you can
figure out which one is #2, but what if you have 102 tests?
.PP
Each test can be given a little descriptive name as the second
argument to \f(CW\*(C`ok()\*(C'\fR.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& use Test::Simple tests => 2;
\&
\& ok( defined $ical, \*(Aqnew() returned something\*(Aq );
\& ok( $ical\->isa(\*(AqDate::ICal\*(Aq), " and it\*(Aqs the right class" );
.Ve
.PP
Now you'll see:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& 1..2
\& ok 1 \- new() returned something
\& ok 2 \- and it\*(Aqs the right class
.Ve
.SS "Test the manual"
.IX Subsection "Test the manual"
The simplest way to build up a decent testing suite is to just test what
the manual says it does. [3] Let's pull something out of the
\&\*(L"\s-1SYNOPSIS\*(R"\s0 in Date::ICal and test that all its bits work.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& #!/usr/bin/perl \-w
\&
\& use Test::Simple tests => 8;
\&
\& use Date::ICal;
\&
\& $ical = Date::ICal\->new( year => 1964, month => 10, day => 16,
\& hour => 16, min => 12, sec => 47,
\& tz => \*(Aq0530\*(Aq );
\&
\& ok( defined $ical, \*(Aqnew() returned something\*(Aq );
\& ok( $ical\->isa(\*(AqDate::ICal\*(Aq), " and it\*(Aqs the right class" );
\& ok( $ical\->sec == 47, \*(Aq sec()\*(Aq );
\& ok( $ical\->min == 12, \*(Aq min()\*(Aq );
\& ok( $ical\->hour == 16, \*(Aq hour()\*(Aq );
\& ok( $ical\->day == 17, \*(Aq day()\*(Aq );
\& ok( $ical\->month == 10, \*(Aq month()\*(Aq );
\& ok( $ical\->year == 1964, \*(Aq year()\*(Aq );
.Ve
.PP
Run that and you get:
.PP
.Vb 11
\& 1..8
\& ok 1 \- new() returned something
\& ok 2 \- and it\*(Aqs the right class
\& ok 3 \- sec()
\& ok 4 \- min()
\& ok 5 \- hour()
\& not ok 6 \- day()
\& # Failed test (\- at line 16)
\& ok 7 \- month()
\& ok 8 \- year()
\& # Looks like you failed 1 tests of 8.
.Ve
.PP
Whoops, a failure! [4] Test::Simple helpfully lets us know on what line the
failure occurred, but not much else. We were supposed to get 17, but we
didn't. What did we get?? Dunno. You could re-run the test in the debugger
or throw in some print statements to find out.
.PP
Instead, switch from Test::Simple to Test::More. Test::More
does everything Test::Simple does, and more! In fact, Test::More does
things \fIexactly\fR the way Test::Simple does. You can literally swap
Test::Simple out and put Test::More in its place. That's just what
we're going to do.
.PP
Test::More does more than Test::Simple. The most important difference at
this point is it provides more informative ways to say \*(L"ok\*(R". Although you can
write almost any test with a generic \f(CW\*(C`ok()\*(C'\fR, it can't tell you what went
wrong. The \f(CW\*(C`is()\*(C'\fR function lets us declare that something is supposed to be
the same as something else:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& use Test::More tests => 8;
\&
\& use Date::ICal;
\&
\& $ical = Date::ICal\->new( year => 1964, month => 10, day => 16,
\& hour => 16, min => 12, sec => 47,
\& tz => \*(Aq0530\*(Aq );
\&
\& ok( defined $ical, \*(Aqnew() returned something\*(Aq );
\& ok( $ical\->isa(\*(AqDate::ICal\*(Aq), " and it\*(Aqs the right class" );
\& is( $ical\->sec, 47, \*(Aq sec()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->min, 12, \*(Aq min()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->hour, 16, \*(Aq hour()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->day, 17, \*(Aq day()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->month, 10, \*(Aq month()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->year, 1964, \*(Aq year()\*(Aq );
.Ve
.PP
"Is \f(CW\*(C`$ical\->sec\*(C'\fR 47?\*(L" \*(R"Is \f(CW\*(C`$ical\->min\*(C'\fR 12?" With \f(CW\*(C`is()\*(C'\fR in place,
you get more information:
.PP
.Vb 10
\& 1..8
\& ok 1 \- new() returned something
\& ok 2 \- and it\*(Aqs the right class
\& ok 3 \- sec()
\& ok 4 \- min()
\& ok 5 \- hour()
\& not ok 6 \- day()
\& # Failed test (\- at line 16)
\& # got: \*(Aq16\*(Aq
\& # expected: \*(Aq17\*(Aq
\& ok 7 \- month()
\& ok 8 \- year()
\& # Looks like you failed 1 tests of 8.
.Ve
.PP
Aha. \f(CW\*(C`$ical\->day\*(C'\fR returned 16, but we expected 17. A
quick check shows that the code is working fine, we made a mistake
when writing the tests. Change it to:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& is( $ical\->day, 16, \*(Aq day()\*(Aq );
.Ve
.PP
\&... and everything works.
.PP
Any time you're doing a \*(L"this equals that\*(R" sort of test, use \f(CW\*(C`is()\*(C'\fR.
It even works on arrays. The test is always in scalar context, so you
can test how many elements are in an array this way. [5]
.PP
.Vb 1
\& is( @foo, 5, \*(Aqfoo has 5 elements\*(Aq );
.Ve
.SS "Sometimes the tests are wrong"
.IX Subsection "Sometimes the tests are wrong"
This brings up a very important lesson. Code has bugs. Tests are
code. Ergo, tests have bugs. A failing test could mean a bug in the
code, but don't discount the possibility that the test is wrong.
.PP
On the flip side, don't be tempted to prematurely declare a test
incorrect just because you're having trouble finding the bug.
Invalidating a test isn't something to be taken lightly, and don't use
it as a cop out to avoid work.
.SS "Testing lots of values"
.IX Subsection "Testing lots of values"
We're going to be wanting to test a lot of dates here, trying to trick
the code with lots of different edge cases. Does it work before 1970?
After 2038? Before 1904? Do years after 10,000 give it trouble?
Does it get leap years right? We could keep repeating the code above,
or we could set up a little try/expect loop.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& use Test::More tests => 32;
\& use Date::ICal;
\&
\& my %ICal_Dates = (
\& # An ICal string And the year, month, day
\& # hour, minute and second we expect.
\& \*(Aq19971024T120000\*(Aq => # from the docs.
\& [ 1997, 10, 24, 12, 0, 0 ],
\& \*(Aq20390123T232832\*(Aq => # after the Unix epoch
\& [ 2039, 1, 23, 23, 28, 32 ],
\& \*(Aq19671225T000000\*(Aq => # before the Unix epoch
\& [ 1967, 12, 25, 0, 0, 0 ],
\& \*(Aq18990505T232323\*(Aq => # before the MacOS epoch
\& [ 1899, 5, 5, 23, 23, 23 ],
\& );
\&
\&
\& while( my($ical_str, $expect) = each %ICal_Dates ) {
\& my $ical = Date::ICal\->new( ical => $ical_str );
\&
\& ok( defined $ical, "new(ical => \*(Aq$ical_str\*(Aq)" );
\& ok( $ical\->isa(\*(AqDate::ICal\*(Aq), " and it\*(Aqs the right class" );
\&
\& is( $ical\->year, $expect\->[0], \*(Aq year()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->month, $expect\->[1], \*(Aq month()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->day, $expect\->[2], \*(Aq day()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->hour, $expect\->[3], \*(Aq hour()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->min, $expect\->[4], \*(Aq min()\*(Aq );
\& is( $ical\->sec, $expect\->[5], \*(Aq sec()\*(Aq );
\& }
.Ve
.PP
Now we can test bunches of dates by just adding them to
\&\f(CW%ICal_Dates\fR. Now that it's less work to test with more dates, you'll
be inclined to just throw more in as you think of them.
Only problem is, every time we add to that we have to keep adjusting
the \f(CW\*(C`use Test::More tests => ##\*(C'\fR line. That can rapidly get
annoying. There are ways to make this work better.
.PP
First, we can calculate the plan dynamically using the \f(CW\*(C`plan()\*(C'\fR
function.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& use Test::More;
\& use Date::ICal;
\&
\& my %ICal_Dates = (
\& ...same as before...
\& );
\&
\& # For each key in the hash we\*(Aqre running 8 tests.
\& plan tests => keys(%ICal_Dates) * 8;
\&
\& ...and then your tests...
.Ve
.PP
To be even more flexible, use \f(CW\*(C`done_testing\*(C'\fR. This means we're just
running some tests, don't know how many. [6]
.PP
.Vb 1
\& use Test::More; # instead of tests => 32
\&
\& ... # tests here
\&
\& done_testing(); # reached the end safely
.Ve
.PP
If you don't specify a plan, Test::More expects to see \f(CW\*(C`done_testing()\*(C'\fR
before your program exits. It will warn you if you forget it. You can give
\&\f(CW\*(C`done_testing()\*(C'\fR an optional number of tests you expected to run, and if the
number ran differs, Test::More will give you another kind of warning.
.SS "Informative names"
.IX Subsection "Informative names"
Take a look at the line:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& ok( defined $ical, "new(ical => \*(Aq$ical_str\*(Aq)" );
.Ve
.PP
We've added more detail about what we're testing and the ICal string
itself we're trying out to the name. So you get results like:
.PP
.Vb 8
\& ok 25 \- new(ical => \*(Aq19971024T120000\*(Aq)
\& ok 26 \- and it\*(Aqs the right class
\& ok 27 \- year()
\& ok 28 \- month()
\& ok 29 \- day()
\& ok 30 \- hour()
\& ok 31 \- min()
\& ok 32 \- sec()
.Ve
.PP
If something in there fails, you'll know which one it was and that
will make tracking down the problem easier. Try to put a bit of
debugging information into the test names.
.PP
Describe what the tests test, to make debugging a failed test easier
for you or for the next person who runs your test.
.SS "Skipping tests"
.IX Subsection "Skipping tests"
Poking around in the existing Date::ICal tests, I found this in
\&\fIt/01sanity.t\fR [7]
.PP
.Vb 1
\& #!/usr/bin/perl \-w
\&
\& use Test::More tests => 7;
\& use Date::ICal;
\&
\& # Make sure epoch time is being handled sanely.
\& my $t1 = Date::ICal\->new( epoch => 0 );
\& is( $t1\->epoch, 0, "Epoch time of 0" );
\&
\& # XXX This will only work on unix systems.
\& is( $t1\->ical, \*(Aq19700101Z\*(Aq, " epoch to ical" );
\&
\& is( $t1\->year, 1970, " year()" );
\& is( $t1\->month, 1, " month()" );
\& is( $t1\->day, 1, " day()" );
\&
\& # like the tests above, but starting with ical instead of epoch
\& my $t2 = Date::ICal\->new( ical => \*(Aq19700101Z\*(Aq );
\& is( $t2\->ical, \*(Aq19700101Z\*(Aq, "Start of epoch in ICal notation" );
\&
\& is( $t2\->epoch, 0, " and back to ICal" );
.Ve
.PP
The beginning of the epoch is different on most non-Unix operating systems [8].
Even though Perl smooths out the differences for the most part, certain ports
do it differently. MacPerl is one off the top of my head. [9] Rather than
putting a comment in the test and hoping someone will read the test while
debugging the failure, we can explicitly say it's never going to work and skip
the test.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& use Test::More tests => 7;
\& use Date::ICal;
\&
\& # Make sure epoch time is being handled sanely.
\& my $t1 = Date::ICal\->new( epoch => 0 );
\& is( $t1\->epoch, 0, "Epoch time of 0" );
\&
\& SKIP: {
\& skip(\*(Aqepoch to ICal not working on Mac OS\*(Aq, 6)
\& if $^O eq \*(AqMacOS\*(Aq;
\&
\& is( $t1\->ical, \*(Aq19700101Z\*(Aq, " epoch to ical" );
\&
\& is( $t1\->year, 1970, " year()" );
\& is( $t1\->month, 1, " month()" );
\& is( $t1\->day, 1, " day()" );
\&
\& # like the tests above, but starting with ical instead of epoch
\& my $t2 = Date::ICal\->new( ical => \*(Aq19700101Z\*(Aq );
\& is( $t2\->ical, \*(Aq19700101Z\*(Aq, "Start of epoch in ICal notation" );
\&
\& is( $t2\->epoch, 0, " and back to ICal" );
\& }
.Ve
.PP
A little bit of magic happens here. When running on anything but MacOS, all
the tests run normally. But when on MacOS, \f(CW\*(C`skip()\*(C'\fR causes the entire
contents of the \s-1SKIP\s0 block to be jumped over. It never runs. Instead,
\&\f(CW\*(C`skip()\*(C'\fR prints special output that tells Test::Harness that the tests have
been skipped.
.PP
.Vb 8
\& 1..7
\& ok 1 \- Epoch time of 0
\& ok 2 # skip epoch to ICal not working on MacOS
\& ok 3 # skip epoch to ICal not working on MacOS
\& ok 4 # skip epoch to ICal not working on MacOS
\& ok 5 # skip epoch to ICal not working on MacOS
\& ok 6 # skip epoch to ICal not working on MacOS
\& ok 7 # skip epoch to ICal not working on MacOS
.Ve
.PP
This means your tests won't fail on MacOS. This means fewer emails
from MacPerl users telling you about failing tests that you know will
never work. You've got to be careful with skip tests. These are for
tests which don't work and \fInever will\fR. It is not for skipping
genuine bugs (we'll get to that in a moment).
.PP
The tests are wholly and completely skipped. [10] This will work.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& SKIP: {
\& skip("I don\*(Aqt wanna die!");
\&
\& die, die, die, die, die;
\& }
.Ve
.SS "Todo tests"
.IX Subsection "Todo tests"
While thumbing through the Date::ICal man page, I came across this:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& ical
\&
\& $ical_string = $ical\->ical;
\&
\& Retrieves, or sets, the date on the object, using any
\& valid ICal date/time string.
.Ve
.PP
\&\*(L"Retrieves or sets\*(R". Hmmm. I didn't see a test for using \f(CW\*(C`ical()\*(C'\fR to set
the date in the Date::ICal test suite. So I wrote one:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& use Test::More tests => 1;
\& use Date::ICal;
\&
\& my $ical = Date::ICal\->new;
\& $ical\->ical(\*(Aq20201231Z\*(Aq);
\& is( $ical\->ical, \*(Aq20201231Z\*(Aq, \*(AqSetting via ical()\*(Aq );
.Ve
.PP
Run that. I saw:
.PP
.Vb 6
\& 1..1
\& not ok 1 \- Setting via ical()
\& # Failed test (\- at line 6)
\& # got: \*(Aq20010814T233649Z\*(Aq
\& # expected: \*(Aq20201231Z\*(Aq
\& # Looks like you failed 1 tests of 1.
.Ve
.PP
Whoops! Looks like it's unimplemented. Assume you don't have the time to fix
this. [11] Normally, you'd just comment out the test and put a note in a todo
list somewhere. Instead, explicitly state \*(L"this test will fail\*(R" by wrapping it
in a \f(CW\*(C`TODO\*(C'\fR block:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& use Test::More tests => 1;
\&
\& TODO: {
\& local $TODO = \*(Aqical($ical) not yet implemented\*(Aq;
\&
\& my $ical = Date::ICal\->new;
\& $ical\->ical(\*(Aq20201231Z\*(Aq);
\&
\& is( $ical\->ical, \*(Aq20201231Z\*(Aq, \*(AqSetting via ical()\*(Aq );
\& }
.Ve
.PP
Now when you run, it's a little different:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& 1..1
\& not ok 1 \- Setting via ical() # TODO ical($ical) not yet implemented
\& # got: \*(Aq20010822T201551Z\*(Aq
\& # expected: \*(Aq20201231Z\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
Test::More doesn't say \*(L"Looks like you failed 1 tests of 1\*(R". That '#
\&\s-1TODO\s0' tells Test::Harness \*(L"this is supposed to fail\*(R" and it treats a
failure as a successful test. You can write tests even before
you've fixed the underlying code.
.PP
If a \s-1TODO\s0 test passes, Test::Harness will report it \*(L"\s-1UNEXPECTEDLY
SUCCEEDED\*(R".\s0 When that happens, remove the \s-1TODO\s0 block with \f(CW\*(C`local $TODO\*(C'\fR and
turn it into a real test.
.SS "Testing with taint mode."
.IX Subsection "Testing with taint mode."
Taint mode is a funny thing. It's the globalest of all global
features. Once you turn it on, it affects \fIall\fR code in your program
and \fIall\fR modules used (and all the modules they use). If a single
piece of code isn't taint clean, the whole thing explodes. With that
in mind, it's very important to ensure your module works under taint
mode.
.PP
It's very simple to have your tests run under taint mode. Just throw
a \f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR into the \f(CW\*(C`#!\*(C'\fR line. Test::Harness will read the switches
in \f(CW\*(C`#!\*(C'\fR and use them to run your tests.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& #!/usr/bin/perl \-Tw
\&
\& ...test normally here...
.Ve
.PP
When you say \f(CW\*(C`make test\*(C'\fR it will run with taint mode on.
.SH "FOOTNOTES"
.IX Header "FOOTNOTES"
.IP "1." 4
The first number doesn't really mean anything, but it has to be 1.
It's the second number that's important.
.IP "2." 4
For those following along at home, I'm using version 1.31. It has
some bugs, which is good \*(-- we'll uncover them with our tests.
.IP "3." 4
You can actually take this one step further and test the manual
itself. Have a look at Test::Inline (formerly Pod::Tests).
.IP "4." 4
Yes, there's a mistake in the test suite. What! Me, contrived?
.IP "5." 4
We'll get to testing the contents of lists later.
.IP "6." 4
But what happens if your test program dies halfway through?! Since we
didn't say how many tests we're going to run, how can we know it
failed? No problem, Test::More employs some magic to catch that death
and turn the test into a failure, even if every test passed up to that
point.
.IP "7." 4
I cleaned it up a little.
.IP "8." 4
Most Operating Systems record time as the number of seconds since a
certain date. This date is the beginning of the epoch. Unix's starts
at midnight January 1st, 1970 \s-1GMT.\s0
.IP "9." 4
MacOS's epoch is midnight January 1st, 1904. \s-1VMS\s0's is midnight,
November 17th, 1858, but vmsperl emulates the Unix epoch so it's not a
problem.
.IP "10." 4
As long as the code inside the \s-1SKIP\s0 block at least compiles. Please
don't ask how. No, it's not a filter.
.IP "11." 4
Do \s-1NOT\s0 be tempted to use \s-1TODO\s0 tests as a way to avoid fixing simple
bugs!
.SH "AUTHORS"
.IX Header "AUTHORS"
Michael G Schwern <schwern@pobox.com> and the perl-qa dancers!
.SH "MAINTAINERS"
.IX Header "MAINTAINERS"
.IP "Chad Granum <exodist@cpan.org>" 4
.IX Item "Chad Granum <exodist@cpan.org>"
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2001 by Michael G Schwern <schwern@pobox.com>.
.PP
This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
.PP
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in these files
are hereby placed into the public domain. You are permitted and
encouraged to use this code in your own programs for fun
or for profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving
credit would be courteous but is not required.