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# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. # This file also includes Pacific islands. # Notes are at the end of this file ############################################################################### # Australia # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] # Northern Territory Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 9:30 Aus AC%sT # Western Australia # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul 8:00 AW AW%sT Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 8:45 Aus ACW%sT 1943 Jul 8:45 AW ACW%sT # Queensland # # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after # Queensland ceased to. # # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, # so use Lindeman. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 10:00 AQ AE%sT Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul 10:00 Holiday AE%sT # South Australia # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 9:30 AS AC%sT # Tasmania # # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml> # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. # # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 10:00 AT AE%sT Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul 10:00 AT AE%sT # Victoria # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 10:00 AV AE%sT # New South Wales # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 10:00 AN AE%sT Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000 9:30 AS AC%sT # Lord Howe Island # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 D Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 D Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 D Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar 10:30 LH LH%sT # Australian miscellany # # Ashmore Is, Cartier # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers # no times are set # # Coral Sea Is # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists # no times are set # # Macquarie # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948; # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island # <http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828> # <http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831>. # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010. # # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10): # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do # on 4 April. # # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23): # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type; # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by # pre-2013 versions of localtime. Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - zzz 1899 Nov 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s 0 - zzz 1948 Mar 25 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time # Christmas # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time # Cocos (Keeling) Is # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978. # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time # Fiji # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva. # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. # # "Daylight savings to commence this month" # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved # amendments: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03): # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on # 2010-03-28 at 03:00. # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?). # # Official source: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166 # # A bit more background info here: # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24): # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011... # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03): # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong). # # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 # which says # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to # 2am on February 26 next year. # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24) # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22. # # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 # states: # # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012. # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start # on the 23rd of October, 2011. # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen: # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013. # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler: # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ... # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10): # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx # From Paul Eggert (2014-01-10): # For now, guess that Fiji springs forward the Sunday before the fourth # Monday in October, and springs back the penultimate Sunday in January. # This is ad hoc, but matches recent practice. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 - Rule Fiji 2010 max - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 - Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 - Rule Fiji 2014 max - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time # French Polynesia # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; # it is uninhabited. # Guam # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time # Kiribati # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time -11:00 - PHOT 1995 13:00 - PHOT Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time -10:00 - LINT 1995 14:00 - LINT # N Mariana Is # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 9:43:00 - LMT 1901 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time # Marshall Is # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time 12:00 - MHT Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time 12:00 - MHT # Micronesia # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time 12:00 - KOST 1999 11:00 - KOST # Nauru # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15 11:30 - NRT 1979 May 12:00 - NRT # New Caledonia # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa 11:00 NC NC%sT ############################################################################### # New Zealand # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no # convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition # so we must duplicate the Rule lines. Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 12:00 NZ NZ%sT Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 12:15 - CHAST 1946 Jan 1 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo # Auckland Is # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, # and scientific personnel have wintered # Campbell I # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 # scientific station operated 1941/1995; # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered # was probably like Pacific/Auckland # Cook Is # From Shanks & Pottenger: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time -10:00 Cook CK%sT ############################################################################### # Niue # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1 -11:00 - NUT # Norfolk # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time # Palau (Belau) # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time # Papua New Guinea # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time # Pitcairn # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time # American Samoa Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa) # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16): # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received # the following info: # # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first # Sunday of April 2011." # # Background info: # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html # # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not # contain any dates: # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07): # Please see # http://www.mcil.gov.ws # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am" # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07): # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf] # # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock # (3:00am or 0300Hrs). # From David Zülke (2011-05-09): # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line # # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27): # The International Date Line Act 2011 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf # changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted # accordingly. # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02): # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html # # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change # # DST # Year End Time Start Time # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - - # # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours # # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10): # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.... # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html # # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4. # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely. # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 -11:30 - WSST 1950 -11:00 WS S%sT 2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa 13:00 WS WS%sT # Solomon Is # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time # Tokelau Is # # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29) # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping # December 31 this year ... # # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25) # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13.... # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change # actually was to UTC-11 back then. # # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25) # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948, # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger # are off by an hour starting in 1901. # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 -11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time 13:00 - TKT # Tonga # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time 13:00 - TOT 1999 13:00 Tonga TO%sT # Tuvalu # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time # US minor outlying islands # Howland, Baker # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; # uninhabited thereafter. # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937; # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 # until they were abandoned after the war. # Jarvis # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; # uninhabited thereafter. # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati # Johnston # # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11): # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind. # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so # treat it like Hawaii for now. # # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes, # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945. # # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11): # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships, # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin, # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976 # <http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf>. # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time # Minus One Hour". # # See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston. # Kingman # uninhabited # Midway # # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23): # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies, # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3] # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone # designations that I've never seen before:.... # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun. # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A " # Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa # Palmyra # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati # Wake # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time # Vanuatu # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time # Wallis and Futuna # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time ############################################################################### # NOTES # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21): # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). # # Gwillim Law writes that a good source # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries # of the IATA's data after 1990. # # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. # # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which # I found in the UCLA library. # # For data circa 1899, a common source is: # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. # # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). # # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table; # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. # Corrections are welcome! # std dst # LMT Local Mean Time # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia # 8:45 ACWST ACWDT Central Western Australia* # 9:00 JST Japan # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia # 10:00 ChST Chamorro # 10:30 LHST LHDT Lord Howe* # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present # 12:15 CHAST Chatham through 1945* # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham 1946-present* # 13:00 WSST WSDT (western) Samoa 2011-present* # -11:30 WSST Western Samoa through 1950* # -11:00 SST Samoa # -10:00 HST Hawaii # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn* # # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii. # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is. ############################################################################### # Australia # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global. # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals." # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03) # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml> # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales # <http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving> # covers New South Wales in particular. # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time. # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer' # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the # abbreviation does _not_ change... # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight # time'. # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time' # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times; # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): # # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST". # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage. # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important; # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries: # # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits] # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits] # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits] # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au # # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits] # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au # # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found: # # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au # # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au" # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results. # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser, # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle). # # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/> # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..." # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party." # # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree: # # The Australian Government (2014-03-26) # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.) # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT # # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08) # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml # EST CST WST EDT CDT # # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated) # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST) # # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24) # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT # # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10) # http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used # # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports, # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like. # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits: # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT". # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to # appear in reports of events with international implications. # # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments, # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and # "AEDT" for Australian time zones. # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time. # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): # # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more # relevant entries in this database. # # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) # <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html> # ACT # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 # <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html> # SA # Standard Time Act, 1898 # <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html> # From David Grosz (2005-06-13): # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday # in April instead of the last Sunday in March. # # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan # to extend DST together in 2006. # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles # allude to it. # But not Queensland # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html # Northern Territory # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] # # [ Nov 1990 ] # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. # ... # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. # Western Australia # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] # # [ Nov 1990 ] # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus # # before reaching parliament. # ... # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST # ... # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at # work at 9.00am.) # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse # everybody again. # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; # it matches what was used in the past. # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ # <http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm> # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. # Queensland # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] # # [ Dec 1990 ] # ... # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST # ... # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E # From Bradley White (1989-12-24): # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from # October 1989). # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised # me.) # From Bradley White (1992-03-08): # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... # ... # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S # ... # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01): # WA are trialing DST for three years. # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf> # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South # Australia and Western Australia.... # # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): # This is confirmed by the section entitled # "What's the deal with time zones???" in # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>. # # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern # coast of the continent. # # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is # the largest population centre in this zone.... # # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. # # (2006-12-09): # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the # introduction of standard time in 1895. # southeast Australia # # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html # South Australia # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] # # [ Nov 1990 ] # ... # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST # ... # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C # From Bradley White (1992-03-11): # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival # is on... # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). # From Bradley White (1994-04-11): # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... # From John Warburton (1994-10-07): # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. # Tasmania # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] # # [ Nov 1990 ] # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia # (but nothing new about that). # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 # instead of the first Sunday in October. # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. # Victoria # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] # # [ Nov 1990 ] # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located # in Melbourne, Australia. # # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the # expected time. # # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. # # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. # New South Wales # From Arthur David Olson: # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. # Based on law library research by John Mackin, # who notes: # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time" # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the # legislation. This is very important to understand. # I have researched New South Wales time only... # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore, # Two months more daylight saving # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26) # <http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html>] # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): # See the following official NSW source: # Daylight Saving in New South Wales. # <http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ> # # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of # daylight saving next year. See: # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving # <http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm> # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. # # Victoria will following NSW. See: # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28) # <http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm> # # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19) # <http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm> # # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics # <http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm> # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules." # # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21) # <http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm> # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW # towns to use Queensland time. # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. # Yancowinna # From John Mackin (1989-01-04): # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] # # [ Dec 1990 ] # ... # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not # # presently available. # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST # ... # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C # [followed by other Rules] # Lord Howe Island # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] # [ Dec 1990 ] # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an # hour ahead of NSW time. # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will # however always coincide with the rest of NSW. # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 # summer (southern hemisphere). # # From # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... # # We have a wrap-up here: # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html ############################################################################### # New Zealand # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] # # [ Nov 1990 ] # ... # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S # ... # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 # rather than the October 1 value. # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. # # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references. # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. # # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14): # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26) # <http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf>. # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow." # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match # LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST. ############################################################################### # Fiji # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time # instead of the American system (which was one day behind). # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. # From the BBC World Service in # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC): # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning # of the new millennium. # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. # Kiribati # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995" # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. # Kwajalein # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes: # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday, # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands, # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink. # N Mariana Is, Guam # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; # see Asia/Manila. # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time, # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". # Micronesia # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk' # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10." # # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26) # <http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html> # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11. # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now. # Midway # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to # air at 6am your time. # # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years # in Midway, but we have no record of it. # Pitcairn # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. # # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known # as Pitcairn Standard Time. # # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation # somehow in light of this proclamation. # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 # ... at midnight. # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald) # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year." # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30 # in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932. # Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950, # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations. # Tonga # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time." # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins' # <http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm>: # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). # # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. # # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 # minutes we have lost?" # # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth # to say your prayers in the morning." # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan # Government. # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): # * Tonga will introduce DST in November # # I was given this link by John Letts: # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm # # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead # (12 + 1 hour DST). # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>: # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and # set back an hour on the closing date." # Alas, no indication of the time of day. # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the # text, and I have forgotten to report it here. # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>) # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one # hour to 1:00am. # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05): # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. # Wake # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): # # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost # impossible. # # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. ############################################################################### # The International Date Line # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): # # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. # # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the # correct date is ambiguous. # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many # independent merchant ships until World War II. # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen # (2005-03-20): # # The American Practical Navigator (2002) # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187> # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in # international waters; it ignores the international date line.