config root man

%!PS-Adobe-1.0
%%Creator: utopia:margo (& Seltzer,608-13E,8072,)
%%Title: stdin (ditroff)
%%CreationDate: Thu Dec 12 15:32:11 1991
%%EndComments
%	@(#)psdit.pro	1.3 4/15/88
% lib/psdit.pro -- prolog for psdit (ditroff) files
% Copyright (c) 1984, 1985 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
% last edit: shore Sat Nov 23 20:28:03 1985
% RCSID: $FreeBSD: release/9.1.0/lib/libc/db/docs/libtp.usenix.ps 50488 1999-08-28 05:11:36Z peter $

% Changed by Edward Wang (edward@ucbarpa.berkeley.edu) to handle graphics,
% 17 Feb, 87.

/$DITroff 140 dict def $DITroff begin
/fontnum 1 def /fontsize 10 def /fontheight 10 def /fontslant 0 def
/xi{0 72 11 mul translate 72 resolution div dup neg scale 0 0 moveto
 /fontnum 1 def /fontsize 10 def /fontheight 10 def /fontslant 0 def F
 /pagesave save def}def
/PB{save /psv exch def currentpoint translate 
 resolution 72 div dup neg scale 0 0 moveto}def
/PE{psv restore}def
/arctoobig 90 def /arctoosmall .05 def
/m1 matrix def /m2 matrix def /m3 matrix def /oldmat matrix def
/tan{dup sin exch cos div}def
/point{resolution 72 div mul}def
/dround	{transform round exch round exch itransform}def
/xT{/devname exch def}def
/xr{/mh exch def /my exch def /resolution exch def}def
/xp{}def
/xs{docsave restore end}def
/xt{}def
/xf{/fontname exch def /slotno exch def fontnames slotno get fontname eq not
 {fonts slotno fontname findfont put fontnames slotno fontname put}if}def
/xH{/fontheight exch def F}def
/xS{/fontslant exch def F}def
/s{/fontsize exch def /fontheight fontsize def F}def
/f{/fontnum exch def F}def
/F{fontheight 0 le{/fontheight fontsize def}if
 fonts fontnum get fontsize point 0 0 fontheight point neg 0 0 m1 astore
 fontslant 0 ne{1 0 fontslant tan 1 0 0 m2 astore m3 concatmatrix}if
 makefont setfont .04 fontsize point mul 0 dround pop setlinewidth}def
/X{exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def
/N{3 1 roll moveto show}def
/Y{exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def
/S{show}def
/ditpush{}def/ditpop{}def
/AX{3 -1 roll currentpoint exch pop moveto 0 exch ashow}def
/AN{4 2 roll moveto 0 exch ashow}def
/AY{3 -1 roll currentpoint pop exch moveto 0 exch ashow}def
/AS{0 exch ashow}def
/MX{currentpoint exch pop moveto}def
/MY{currentpoint pop exch moveto}def
/MXY{moveto}def
/cb{pop}def	% action on unknown char -- nothing for now
/n{}def/w{}def
/p{pop showpage pagesave restore /pagesave save def}def
/Dt{/Dlinewidth exch def}def 1 Dt
/Ds{/Ddash exch def}def -1 Ds
/Di{/Dstipple exch def}def 1 Di
/Dsetlinewidth{2 Dlinewidth mul setlinewidth}def
/Dsetdash{Ddash 4 eq{[8 12]}{Ddash 16 eq{[32 36]}
 {Ddash 20 eq{[32 12 8 12]}{[]}ifelse}ifelse}ifelse 0 setdash}def
/Dstroke{gsave Dsetlinewidth Dsetdash 1 setlinecap stroke grestore
 currentpoint newpath moveto}def
/Dl{rlineto Dstroke}def
/arcellipse{/diamv exch def /diamh exch def oldmat currentmatrix pop
 currentpoint translate 1 diamv diamh div scale /rad diamh 2 div def
 currentpoint exch rad add exch rad -180 180 arc oldmat setmatrix}def
/Dc{dup arcellipse Dstroke}def
/De{arcellipse Dstroke}def
/Da{/endv exch def /endh exch def /centerv exch def /centerh exch def
 /cradius centerv centerv mul centerh centerh mul add sqrt def
 /eradius endv endv mul endh endh mul add sqrt def
 /endang endv endh atan def
 /startang centerv neg centerh neg atan def
 /sweep startang endang sub dup 0 lt{360 add}if def
 sweep arctoobig gt
 {/midang startang sweep 2 div sub def /midrad cradius eradius add 2 div def
  /midh midang cos midrad mul def /midv midang sin midrad mul def
  midh neg midv neg endh endv centerh centerv midh midv Da
  Da}
 {sweep arctoosmall ge
  {/controldelt 1 sweep 2 div cos sub 3 sweep 2 div sin mul div 4 mul def
   centerv neg controldelt mul centerh controldelt mul
   endv neg controldelt mul centerh add endh add
   endh controldelt mul centerv add endv add
   centerh endh add centerv endv add rcurveto Dstroke}
  {centerh endh add centerv endv add rlineto Dstroke}
  ifelse}
 ifelse}def
/Dpatterns[
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[%ug
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[8<ffffffffffffffff>]]
[%mg
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[8<66999966>]
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[8<00>]]]def
/Dfill{
 transform /maxy exch def /maxx exch def
 transform /miny exch def /minx exch def
 minx maxx gt{/minx maxx /maxx minx def def}if
 miny maxy gt{/miny maxy /maxy miny def def}if
 Dpatterns Dstipple 1 sub get exch 1 sub get
 aload pop /stip exch def /stipw exch def /stiph 128 def
 /imatrix[stipw 0 0 stiph 0 0]def
 /tmatrix[stipw 0 0 stiph 0 0]def
 /minx minx cvi stiph idiv stiph mul def
 /miny miny cvi stipw idiv stipw mul def
 gsave eoclip 0 setgray
 miny stiph maxy{
  tmatrix exch 5 exch put
  minx stipw maxx{
   tmatrix exch 4 exch put tmatrix setmatrix
   stipw stiph true imatrix {stip} imagemask
  }for
 }for
 grestore
}def
/Dp{Dfill Dstroke}def
/DP{Dfill currentpoint newpath moveto}def
end

/ditstart{$DITroff begin
 /nfonts 60 def			% NFONTS makedev/ditroff dependent!
 /fonts[nfonts{0}repeat]def
 /fontnames[nfonts{()}repeat]def
/docsave save def
}def

% character outcalls
/oc{
 /pswid exch def /cc exch def /name exch def
 /ditwid pswid fontsize mul resolution mul 72000 div def
 /ditsiz fontsize resolution mul 72 div def
 ocprocs name known{ocprocs name get exec}{name cb}ifelse
}def
/fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def
/fraction{
 /fden exch def /fnum exch def gsave /cf currentfont def
 cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 dm 2 copy neg rmoveto
 fnum show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont(\244)show setfont fden show 
 grestore ditwid 0 rmoveto
}def
/oce{grestore ditwid 0 rmoveto}def
/dm{ditsiz mul}def
/ocprocs 50 dict def ocprocs begin
(14){(1)(4)fraction}def
(12){(1)(2)fraction}def
(34){(3)(4)fraction}def
(13){(1)(3)fraction}def
(23){(2)(3)fraction}def
(18){(1)(8)fraction}def
(38){(3)(8)fraction}def
(58){(5)(8)fraction}def
(78){(7)(8)fraction}def
(sr){gsave 0 .06 dm rmoveto(\326)show oce}def
(is){gsave 0 .15 dm rmoveto(\362)show oce}def
(->){gsave 0 .02 dm rmoveto(\256)show oce}def
(<-){gsave 0 .02 dm rmoveto(\254)show oce}def
(==){gsave 0 .05 dm rmoveto(\272)show oce}def
(uc){gsave currentpoint 400 .009 dm mul add translate
     8 -8 scale ucseal oce}def
end

% an attempt at a PostScript FONT to implement ditroff special chars
% this will enable us to 
%	cache the little buggers
%	generate faster, more compact PS out of psdit
%	confuse everyone (including myself)!
50 dict dup begin
/FontType 3 def
/FontName /DIThacks def
/FontMatrix [.001 0 0 .001 0 0] def
/FontBBox [-260 -260 900 900] def% a lie but ...
/Encoding 256 array def
0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for
Encoding
 dup 8#040/space put %space
 dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil
 dup 8#111/lt put %left  top curl
 dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert
 dup 8#113/lk put %left  mid curl
 dup 8#114/lb put %left  bot curl
 dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl
 dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl
 dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl
 dup 8#120/rf put %right floor
 dup 8#121/lf put %left  floor
 dup 8#122/lc put %left  ceil
 dup 8#140/sq put %square
 dup 8#141/bx put %box
 dup 8#142/ci put %circle
 dup 8#143/br put %box rule
 dup 8#144/rn put %root extender
 dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule
 dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet
 dup 8#147/bu put %bullet
 dup 8#150/ru put %rule
 dup 8#151/ul put %underline
 pop
/DITfd 100 dict def
/BuildChar{0 begin
 /cc exch def /fd exch def
 /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def
 /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def
 /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def
 charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice
 2 setlinejoin 40 setlinewidth
 newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore
 end}def
/BuildChar load 0 DITfd put
/CharProcs 50 dict def
CharProcs begin
/space{}def
/.notdef{}def
/ru{500 0 rls}def
/rn{0 840 moveto 500 0 rls}def
/vr{0 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def
/bv{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def
/br{0 840 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def
/ul{0 -140 moveto 500 0 rls}def
/ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def
/bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def
/sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto
    640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def
/bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto
    640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def
/ci{500 360 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc
    50 setlinewidth stroke}def

/lt{0 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def
/lb{0 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def
/rt{0 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def
/rb{0 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def
/lk{0 800 moveto 0 300 -300 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub
    0 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 0 -200 lineto stroke}def
/rk{0 800 moveto 0 300 s2 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub
    0 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 0 -200 lineto stroke}def
/lf{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def
/rf{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def
/lc{0 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def
/rc{0 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def
end

/Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin
/.notdef 0 def
/space 500 def
/ru 500 def
/br 0 def
/lt 416 def
/lb 416 def
/rt 416 def
/rb 416 def
/lk 416 def
/rk 416 def
/rc 416 def
/lc 416 def
/rf 416 def
/lf 416 def
/bv 416 def
/ob 350 def
/bu 350 def
/ci 750 def
/bx 750 def
/sq 750 def
/rn 500 def
/ul 500 def
/vr 0 def
end

DITfd begin
/s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def
/a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def
/2cx{2 copy exch}def
/rls{rlineto stroke}def
/currx{currentpoint pop}def
/dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def
end
end
/DIThacks exch definefont pop
ditstart
(psc)xT
576 1 1 xr
1(Times-Roman)xf 1 f
2(Times-Italic)xf 2 f
3(Times-Bold)xf 3 f
4(Times-BoldItalic)xf 4 f
5(Helvetica)xf 5 f
6(Helvetica-Bold)xf 6 f
7(Courier)xf 7 f
8(Courier-Bold)xf 8 f
9(Symbol)xf 9 f
10(DIThacks)xf 10 f
10 s
1 f
xi
%%EndProlog

%%Page: 1 1
10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
3 f
14 s
1205 1206(LIBTP:)N
1633(Portable,)X
2100(M)X
2206(odular)X
2551(Transactions)X
3202(for)X
3374(UNIX)X
1 f
11 s
3661 1162(1)N
2 f
12 s
2182 1398(Margo)N
2467(Seltzer)X
2171 1494(Michael)N
2511(Olson)X
1800 1590(University)N
2225(of)X
2324(California,)X
2773(Berkeley)X
3 f
2277 1878(Abstract)N
1 f
10 s
755 2001(Transactions)N
1198(provide)X
1475(a)X
1543(useful)X
1771(programming)X
2239(paradigm)X
2574(for)X
2700(maintaining)X
3114(logical)X
3364(consistency,)X
3790(arbitrating)X
4156(con-)X
555 2091(current)N
808(access,)X
1059(and)X
1200(managing)X
1540(recovery.)X
1886(In)X
1977(traditional)X
2330(UNIX)X
2555(systems,)X
2852(the)X
2974(only)X
3140(easy)X
3307(way)X
3465(of)X
3556(using)X
3753(transactions)X
4160(is)X
4237(to)X
555 2181(purchase)N
876(a)X
947(database)X
1258(system.)X
1554(Such)X
1748(systems)X
2035(are)X
2168(often)X
2367(slow,)X
2572(costly,)X
2817(and)X
2967(may)X
3139(not)X
3275(provide)X
3554(the)X
3686(exact)X
3890(functionality)X
555 2271(desired.)N
848(This)X
1011(paper)X
1210(presents)X
1493(the)X
1611(design,)X
1860(implementation,)X
2402(and)X
2538(performance)X
2965(of)X
3052(LIBTP,)X
3314(a)X
3370(simple,)X
3623(non-proprietary)X
4147(tran-)X
555 2361(saction)N
809(library)X
1050(using)X
1249(the)X
1373(4.4BSD)X
1654(database)X
1957(access)X
2189(routines)X
2473(\()X
3 f
2500(db)X
1 f
2588(\(3\)\).)X
2775(On)X
2899(a)X
2961(conventional)X
3401(transaction)X
3779(processing)X
4148(style)X
555 2451(benchmark,)N
959(its)X
1061(performance)X
1495(is)X
1575(approximately)X
2065(85%)X
2239(that)X
2386(of)X
2480(the)X
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2907(access)X
3139(routines)X
3423(without)X
3693(transaction)X
4071(protec-)X
555 2541(tion,)N
725(200%)X
938(that)X
1084(of)X
1177(using)X
3 f
1376(fsync)X
1 f
1554(\(2\))X
1674(to)X
1761(commit)X
2030(modi\256cations)X
2490(to)X
2577(disk,)X
2755(and)X
2896(125%)X
3108(that)X
3253(of)X
3345(a)X
3406(commercial)X
3810(relational)X
4138(data-)X
555 2631(base)N
718(system.)X
3 f
555 2817(1.)N
655(Introduction)X
1 f
755 2940(Transactions)N
1186(are)X
1306(used)X
1474(in)X
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1855(systems)X
2129(to)X
2212(enable)X
2443(concurrent)X
2807(users)X
2992(to)X
3074(apply)X
3272(multi-operation)X
3790(updates)X
4055(without)X
555 3030(violating)N
863(the)X
985(integrity)X
1280(of)X
1371(the)X
1493(database.)X
1814(They)X
2003(provide)X
2271(the)X
2392(properties)X
2736(of)X
2826(atomicity,)X
3171(consistency,)X
3588(isolation,)X
3906(and)X
4045(durabil-)X
555 3120(ity.)N
701(By)X
816(atomicity,)X
1160(we)X
1276(mean)X
1472(that)X
1614(the)X
1734(set)X
1845(of)X
1934(updates)X
2200(comprising)X
2581(a)X
2638(transaction)X
3011(must)X
3187(be)X
3284(applied)X
3541(as)X
3629(a)X
3686(single)X
3898(unit;)X
4085(that)X
4226(is,)X
555 3210(they)N
714(must)X
890(either)X
1094(all)X
1195(be)X
1292(applied)X
1549(to)X
1632(the)X
1751(database)X
2049(or)X
2137(all)X
2238(be)X
2335(absent.)X
2601(Consistency)X
3013(requires)X
3293(that)X
3434(a)X
3491(transaction)X
3864(take)X
4019(the)X
4138(data-)X
555 3300(base)N
725(from)X
908(one)X
1051(logically)X
1358(consistent)X
1704(state)X
1877(to)X
1965(another.)X
2272(The)X
2423(property)X
2721(of)X
2814(isolation)X
3115(requires)X
3400(that)X
3546(concurrent)X
3916(transactions)X
555 3390(yield)N
750(results)X
994(which)X
1225(are)X
1358(indistinguishable)X
1938(from)X
2128(the)X
2260(results)X
2503(which)X
2733(would)X
2967(be)X
3077(obtained)X
3387(by)X
3501(running)X
3784(the)X
3916(transactions)X
555 3480(sequentially.)N
1002(Finally,)X
1268(durability)X
1599(requires)X
1878(that)X
2018(once)X
2190(transactions)X
2593(have)X
2765(been)X
2937(committed,)X
3319(their)X
3486(results)X
3715(must)X
3890(be)X
3986(preserved)X
555 3570(across)N
776(system)X
1018(failures)X
1279([TPCB90].)X
755 3693(Although)N
1080(these)X
1268(properties)X
1612(are)X
1734(most)X
1912(frequently)X
2265(discussed)X
2595(in)X
2680(the)X
2801(context)X
3060(of)X
3150(databases,)X
3501(they)X
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3708(coupled)X
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3996([BAY77])X
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555 3990(3.1.3.)N
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555 4342(Log_unroll)N
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2877(reads)X
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755 4845(The)N
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579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
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582(e.g.)X
1 f
718(SQL)X
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3 f
893(db)X
1 f
981(\(3\).)X
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3 f
555 3798(4.)N
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1 f
3 f
555 3984(4.1.)N
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1 f
755 4107(LIBTP)N
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3 f
555 4197(grow)N
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756(phase,)X
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2290(shrink)X
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2537(phase,)X
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878(the)X
3 f
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555 2885(h)N
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1702([DEWI84])X
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3049(call)X
3158(synchronization)X
3583(is)X
3643(expressed)X
3911(as)X
3980(a)X
4024(percentage)X
555 5450(of)N
625(the)X
720(spinlock)X
954(synchronization)X
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1749(In)X
1819(disk)X
1943(bound)X
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2271(\(1)X
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2479(and)X
2588(2)X
2637(Disks\),)X
2837(we)X
2928(see)X
3026(that)X
3139(4-6%)X
3294(of)X
3364(the)X
3459(performance)X
3797(is)X
3857(lost)X
3966(due)X
4074(to)X
4140(kernel)X
555 5540(calls)N
688(while)X
846(in)X
912(the)X
1006(CPU)X
1147(bound)X
1323(case,)X
1464(we)X
1554(have)X
1690(lost)X
1799(67%)X
1932(of)X
2001(the)X
2095(performance)X
2432(due)X
2540(to)X
2606(kernel)X
2781(calls.)X

10 p
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8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
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3 f
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555 630(access)N
781(methods,)X
1092(we)X
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1536(an)X
1632(integrated)X
1973(open)X
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2285(with)X
2447(the)X
2565(following)X
2896(calling)X
3134(conventions:)X
7 f
715 753(DB)N
859(*dbopen)X
1243(\(const)X
1579(char)X
1819(*file,)X
2155(int)X
2347(flags,)X
2683(int)X
2875(mode,)X
3163(DBTYPE)X
3499(type,)X
1291 843(int)N
1483(dbflags,)X
1915(const)X
2203(void)X
2443(*openinfo\))X
1 f
555 966(where)N
2 f
774(\256le)X
1 f
894(is)X
969(the)X
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2092(\257ags)X
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2402(mode)X
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2597(are)X
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3 f
3567(open)X
1 f
3731(\(2\),)X
2 f
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1 f
4021(is)X
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4232(of)X
555 1056(the)N
680(access)X
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2 f
1396(db\257ags)X
1 f
1654(indicates)X
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2 f
3940(openinfo)X
1 f
4246(is)X
555 1146(the)N
681(access)X
915(method)X
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2 f
3028(db\257ags)X
1 f
3287(are)X
3414(DB_SHARED)X
3912(and)X
4055(DB_TP)X
555 1236(indicating)N
895(that)X
1035(buffers)X
1283(should)X
1516(be)X
1612(kept)X
1770(in)X
1852(a)X
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755 1359(The)N
900(modi\256cations)X
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2756(access)X
2982(method)X
3242(are)X
3361(quite)X
3541(simple)X
3774(and)X
3910(localized.)X
715 1482(1.)N
795(Replace)X
1074(\256le)X
2 f
1196(open)X
1 f
1372(with)X
2 f
1534(buf_open)X
1 f
1832(.)X
715 1572(2.)N
795(Replace)X
1074(\256le)X
2 f
1196(read)X
1 f
1363(and)X
2 f
1499(write)X
1 f
1683(calls)X
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2012(buffer)X
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2693(\()X
2 f
2720(buf_get)X
1 f
(,)S
2 f
3000(buf_unpin)X
1 f
3324(\).)X
715 1662(3.)N
795(Precede)X
1070(buffer)X
1287(manager)X
1584(calls)X
1751(with)X
1913(an)X
2009(appropriate)X
2395(\(read)X
2581(or)X
2668(write\))X
2880(lock)X
3038(call.)X
715 1752(4.)N
795(Before)X
1034(updates,)X
1319(issue)X
1499(a)X
1555(logging)X
1819(operation.)X
715 1842(5.)N
795(After)X
985(data)X
1139(have)X
1311(been)X
1483(accessed,)X
1805(release)X
2049(the)X
2167(buffer)X
2384(manager)X
2681(pin.)X
715 1932(6.)N
795(Provide)X
1064(undo/redo)X
1409(code)X
1581(for)X
1695(each)X
1863(type)X
2021(of)X
2108(log)X
2230(record)X
2456(de\256ned.)X
555 2071(The)N
702(following)X
1035(code)X
1209(fragments)X
1552(show)X
1743(how)X
1903(to)X
1987(transaction)X
2361(protect)X
2606(several)X
2856(updates)X
3123(to)X
3206(a)X
3263(B-tree.)X
7 s
3484 2039(3)N
10 s
3533 2071(In)N
3621(the)X
3740(unprotected)X
4140(case,)X
555 2161(an)N
652(open)X
829(call)X
966(is)X
1040(followed)X
1346(by)X
1447(a)X
1504(read)X
1664(call)X
1801(to)X
1884(obtain)X
2105(the)X
2224(meta-data)X
2562(for)X
2677(the)X
2796(B-tree.)X
3058(Instead,)X
3331(we)X
3446(issue)X
3627(an)X
3724(open)X
3901(to)X
3984(the)X
4102(buffer)X
555 2251(manager)N
852(to)X
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1154(a)X
1210(\256le)X
1332(id)X
1414(and)X
1550(a)X
1606(buffer)X
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2075(to)X
2157(obtain)X
2377(the)X
2495(meta-data)X
2832(as)X
2919(shown)X
3148(below.)X
7 f
715 2374(char)N
955(*path;)X
715 2464(int)N
907(fid,)X
1147(flags,)X
1483(len,)X
1723(mode;)X
715 2644(/*)N
859(Obtain)X
1195(a)X
1291(file)X
1531(id)X
1675(with)X
1915(which)X
2203(to)X
2347(access)X
2683(the)X
2875(buffer)X
3211(pool)X
3451(*/)X
715 2734(fid)N
907(=)X
1003(buf_open\(path,)X
1723(flags,)X
2059(mode\);)X
715 2914(/*)N
859(Read)X
1099(the)X
1291(meta)X
1531(data)X
1771(\(page)X
2059(0\))X
2203(for)X
2395(the)X
2587(B-tree)X
2923(*/)X
715 3004(if)N
859(\(tp_lock\(fid,)X
1531(0,)X
1675(READ_LOCK\)\))X
1003 3094(return)N
1339(error;)X
715 3184(meta_data_ptr)N
1387(=)X
1483(buf_get\(fid,)X
2107(0,)X
2251(BF_PIN,)X
2635(&len\);)X
1 f
555 3307(The)N
714(BF_PIN)X
1014(argument)X
1350(to)X
2 f
1445(buf_get)X
1 f
1718(indicates)X
2036(that)X
2189(we)X
2316(wish)X
2500(to)X
2595(leave)X
2798(this)X
2946(page)X
3131(pinned)X
3382(in)X
3477(memory)X
3777(so)X
3881(that)X
4034(it)X
4111(is)X
4197(not)X
555 3397(swapped)N
862(out)X
990(while)X
1194(we)X
1314(are)X
1439(accessing)X
1772(it.)X
1881(The)X
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2167(argument)X
2495(to)X
2 f
2582(buf_get)X
1 f
2847(returns)X
3095(the)X
3218(number)X
3488(of)X
3580(bytes)X
3774(on)X
3879(the)X
4002(page)X
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555 3487(were)N
732(valid)X
912(so)X
1003(that)X
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1747(may)X
1905(initialize)X
2205(the)X
2323(page)X
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2564(necessary.)X
755 3610(Next,)N
955(consider)X
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1555(a)X
1615(record)X
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1949(a)X
2009(particular)X
2341(page)X
2517(of)X
2608(a)X
2668(B-tree.)X
2932(In)X
3022(the)X
3143(unprotected)X
3545(case,)X
3727(we)X
3844(read)X
4006(the)X
4127(page,)X
555 3700(call)N
2 f
693(_bt_insertat)X
1 f
1079(,)X
1121(and)X
1258(write)X
1444(the)X
1563(page.)X
1776(Instead,)X
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2164(lock)X
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2442(page,)X
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3007(buffer,)X
3245(log)X
3368(the)X
3487(change,)X
3756(modify)X
4008(the)X
4127(page,)X
555 3790(and)N
691(release)X
935(the)X
1053(buffer.)X
7 f
715 3913(int)N
907(fid,)X
1147(len,)X
1387(pageno;)X
1867(/*)X
2011(Identifies)X
2539(the)X
2731(buffer)X
3067(*/)X
715 4003(int)N
907(index;)X
1867(/*)X
2011(Location)X
2443(at)X
2587(which)X
2875(to)X
3019(insert)X
3355(the)X
3547(new)X
3739(pair)X
3979(*/)X
715 4093(DBT)N
907(*keyp,)X
1243(*datap;)X
1867(/*)X
2011(Key/Data)X
2443(pair)X
2683(to)X
2827(be)X
2971(inserted)X
3403(*/)X
715 4183(DATUM)N
1003(*d;)X
1867(/*)X
2011(Key/data)X
2443(structure)X
2923(to)X
3067(insert)X
3403(*/)X
715 4363(/*)N
859(Lock)X
1099(and)X
1291(request)X
1675(the)X
1867(buffer)X
2203(*/)X
715 4453(if)N
859(\(tp_lock\(fid,)X
1531(pageno,)X
1915(WRITE_LOCK\)\))X
1003 4543(return)N
1339(error;)X
715 4633(buffer_ptr)N
1243(=)X
1339(buf_get\(fid,)X
1963(pageno,)X
2347(BF_PIN,)X
2731(&len\);)X
715 4813(/*)N
859(Log)X
1051(and)X
1243(perform)X
1627(the)X
1819(update)X
2155(*/)X
715 4903(log_insdel\(BTREE_INSERT,)N
1915(fid,)X
2155(pageno,)X
2539(keyp,)X
2827(datap\);)X
715 4993(_bt_insertat\(buffer_ptr,)N
1915(d,)X
2059(index\);)X
715 5083(buf_unpin\(buffer_ptr\);)N
1 f
555 5206(Succinctly,)N
942(the)X
1068(algorithm)X
1407(for)X
1529(turning)X
1788(unprotected)X
2195(code)X
2375(into)X
2527(protected)X
2854(code)X
3034(is)X
3115(to)X
3205(replace)X
3466(read)X
3633(operations)X
3995(with)X
2 f
4165(lock)X
1 f
555 5296(and)N
2 f
691(buf_get)X
1 f
951(operations)X
1305(and)X
1441(write)X
1626(operations)X
1980(with)X
2 f
2142(log)X
1 f
2264(and)X
2 f
2400(buf_unpin)X
1 f
2744(operations.)X
8 s
10 f
555 5458(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
5 s
1 f
727 5536(3)N
8 s
766 5561(The)N
884(following)X
1152(code)X
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1661(examples,)X
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3011(\256nal)X
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3501(be)X
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4214(has)X
555 5633(been)N
691(fully)X
828(integrated)X
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3 f
1635(db)X
1 f
1707(\(3\))X
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2129(the)X
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2495(Systems)X
2725(Research)X
2974(Group)X
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3215(University)X
3501(of)X
3570(California,)X
3861(Berkeley.)X

11 p
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8 s 8 xH 0 xS 1 f
10 s
3 f
555 630(5.)N
655(Performance)X
1 f
755 753(In)N
845(this)X
983(section,)X
1253(we)X
1370(present)X
1625(the)X
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3103(The)X
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3471(an)X
3569(online)X
3791(transaction)X
4165(pro-)X
555 843(cessing)N
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1234(similar)X
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1715(standard)X
2020(TPCB,)X
2272(but)X
2407(has)X
2547(been)X
2732(adapted)X
3015(to)X
3110(run)X
3250(in)X
3345(a)X
3414(desktop)X
3696(environment.)X
4174(The)X
555 933(second)N
798(emulates)X
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1683(design)X
1912(environment)X
2337(and)X
2473(provides)X
2769(more)X
2954(complex)X
3250(query)X
3453(processing.)X
3 f
555 1119(5.1.)N
715(Transaction)X
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1533(Benchmark)X
1 f
755 1242(For)N
887(this)X
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2690(the)X
2808(commercial)X
3207(database)X
3504(system)X
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3923(obtained)X
4219(on)X
555 1332(a)N
614(DECstation)X
1009(5000/200)X
1333(with)X
1497(32MBytes)X
1852(of)X
1941(memory)X
2230(running)X
2501(Ultrix)X
2714(V4.0,)X
2914(accessing)X
3244(a)X
3302(DEC)X
3484(RZ57)X
3688(1GByte)X
3959(disk)X
4114(drive.)X
555 1422(The)N
720(commercial)X
1139(relational)X
1482(database)X
1799(system)X
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2242(were)X
2438(run)X
2584(on)X
2703(a)X
2778(comparable)X
3192(machine,)X
3523(a)X
3598(Sparcstation)X
4033(1+)X
4157(with)X
555 1512(32MBytes)N
915(memory)X
1209(and)X
1352(a)X
1415(1GByte)X
1691(external)X
1976(disk)X
2135(drive.)X
2366(The)X
2517(database,)X
2840(binaries)X
3120(and)X
3262(log)X
3390(resided)X
3648(on)X
3754(the)X
3878(same)X
4069(device.)X
555 1602(Reported)N
869(times)X
1062(are)X
1181(the)X
1299(means)X
1524(of)X
1611(\256ve)X
1751(tests)X
1913(and)X
2049(have)X
2221(standard)X
2513(deviations)X
2862(within)X
3086(two)X
3226(percent)X
3483(of)X
3570(the)X
3688(mean.)X
755 1725(The)N
905(test)X
1041(database)X
1343(was)X
1493(con\256gured)X
1861(according)X
2203(to)X
2290(the)X
2413(TPCB)X
2637(scaling)X
2889(rules)X
3070(for)X
3189(a)X
3250(10)X
3355(transaction)X
3732(per)X
3860(second)X
4108(\(TPS\))X
555 1815(system)N
817(with)X
999(1,000,000)X
1359(account)X
1649(records,)X
1946(100)X
2106(teller)X
2311(records,)X
2607(and)X
2762(10)X
2881(branch)X
3139(records.)X
3455(Where)X
3709(TPS)X
3885(numbers)X
4200(are)X
555 1905(reported,)N
865(we)X
981(are)X
1102(running)X
1373(a)X
1431(modi\256ed)X
1737(version)X
1995(of)X
2084(the)X
2203(industry)X
2486(standard)X
2779(transaction)X
3152(processing)X
3516(benchmark,)X
3914(TPCB.)X
4174(The)X
555 1995(TPCB)N
780(benchmark)X
1163(simulates)X
1491(a)X
1553(withdrawal)X
1940(performed)X
2301(by)X
2407(a)X
2469(hypothetical)X
2891(teller)X
3082(at)X
3166(a)X
3228(hypothetical)X
3650(bank.)X
3872(The)X
4022(database)X
555 2085(consists)N
831(of)X
921(relations)X
1220(\(\256les\))X
1430(for)X
1547(accounts,)X
1871(branches,)X
2200(tellers,)X
2439(and)X
2578(history.)X
2863(For)X
2997(each)X
3168(transaction,)X
3563(the)X
3684(account,)X
3976(teller,)X
4183(and)X
555 2175(branch)N
795(balances)X
1093(must)X
1269(be)X
1366(updated)X
1641(to)X
1724(re\257ect)X
1946(the)X
2065(withdrawal)X
2447(and)X
2584(a)X
2640(history)X
2882(record)X
3108(is)X
3181(written)X
3428(which)X
3644(contains)X
3931(the)X
4049(account)X
555 2265(id,)N
657(branch)X
896(id,)X
998(teller)X
1183(id,)X
1285(and)X
1421(the)X
1539(amount)X
1799(of)X
1886(the)X
2004(withdrawal)X
2385([TPCB90].)X
755 2388(Our)N
914(implementation)X
1450(of)X
1551(the)X
1683(benchmark)X
2074(differs)X
2317(from)X
2506(the)X
2637(speci\256cation)X
3075(in)X
3170(several)X
3431(aspects.)X
3736(The)X
3894(speci\256cation)X
555 2478(requires)N
840(that)X
985(the)X
1108(database)X
1410(keep)X
1587(redundant)X
1933(logs)X
2091(on)X
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2498(devices,)X
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2911(we)X
3030(use)X
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3223(single)X
3439(log.)X
3606(Furthermore,)X
4052(all)X
4157(tests)X
555 2568(were)N
734(run)X
863(on)X
965(a)X
1023(single,)X
1256(centralized)X
1631(system)X
1875(so)X
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2226(no)X
2328(notion)X
2553(of)X
2641(remote)X
2885(accesses.)X
3219(Finally,)X
3486(we)X
3601(calculated)X
3948(throughput)X
555 2658(by)N
662(dividing)X
955(the)X
1080(total)X
1249(elapsed)X
1517(time)X
1686(by)X
1793(the)X
1918(number)X
2190(of)X
2284(transactions)X
2694(processed)X
3038(rather)X
3253(than)X
3418(by)X
3525(computing)X
3894(the)X
4018(response)X
555 2748(time)N
717(for)X
831(each)X
999(transaction.)X
755 2871(The)N
912(performance)X
1351(comparisons)X
1788(focus)X
1993(on)X
2104(traditional)X
2464(Unix)X
2655(techniques)X
3029(\(unprotected,)X
3486(using)X
3 f
3690(\257ock)X
1 f
3854(\(2\))X
3979(and)X
4126(using)X
3 f
555 2961(fsync)N
1 f
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10 s
3 f
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3187 2051 MXY
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3286 2028 MXY
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3384 1926 MXY
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3483 1910 MXY
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0 -9 Dl
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3581 1910 MXY
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3680 1832 MXY
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3877 1883 MXY
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3975 1679 MXY
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4074 1487 MXY
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5 Dt
3187 2060 MXY
99 -24 Dl
98 -101 Dl
99 -16 Dl
98 0 Dl
99 -78 Dl
98 77 Dl
99 -26 Dl
98 -204 Dl
99 -192 Dl
3 f
6 s
4088 1516(SMALL)N
3 Dt
3187 2051 MXY
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3286 2051 MXY
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3384 2041 MXY
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3483 1990 MXY
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3877 1430 MXY
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3975 1269 MXY
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4074 1070 MXY
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1 Dt
3187 2060 MXY
99 0 Dl
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98 -147 Dl
99 -265 Dl
98 -82 Dl
99 -66 Dl
98 -161 Dl
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4088 1099(LARGE)N
5 Dt
3089 2060 MXY
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3089 MX
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1 Dt
3581 2060 MXY
0 -1174 Dl
4074 2060 MXY
0 -1174 Dl
3089 1825 MXY
985 0 Dl
9 s
2993 1855(25)N
3089 1591 MXY
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2993 1621(50)N
3089 1356 MXY
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2993 1386(75)N
3089 1121 MXY
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2957 1151(100)N
3089 886 MXY
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2037 1342 MXY
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2652 1161 MXY
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2740 1153 MXY
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2828 1150 MXY
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5 Dt
2037 1351 MXY
88 16 Dl
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88 -3 Dl
6 s
2685 1234(READ-ONLY)N
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2037 1464 MXY
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2476 1933 MXY
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2564 1914 MXY
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2652 1903 MXY
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2740 1980 MXY
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2828 2004 MXY
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1 Dt
2037 1473 MXY
88 176 Dl
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88 18 Dl
87 -2 Dl
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88 77 Dl
88 24 Dl
2759 1997(NO-FSYNC)N
5 Dt
1949 2060 MXY
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4 Ds
1 Dt
2388 2060 MXY
0 -1174 Dl
2828 2060 MXY
0 -1174 Dl
1949 1825 MXY
879 0 Dl
9 s
1842 1855(40)N
1949 1591 MXY
879 0 Dl
1842 1621(80)N
1949 1356 MXY
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1806 1386(120)N
1949 1121 MXY
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6 s
1679 1833(LIBTP)N
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3 Dt
837 1019 MXY
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929 878 MXY
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1021 939 MXY
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5 Dt
837 1027 MXY
92 -141 Dl
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745 2060 MXY
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1205 2060 MXY
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920 0 Dl
9 s
673 1796(3)N
745 1473 MXY
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-1 Ds
8 s
655 2441(Figure)N
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655 2531(Since)N
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3 f
1927 2441(Figure)N
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2551(With)X
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3199 2441(Figure)N
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3589(The)X
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10 f
555 3284(h)N
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3 f
555 4589(5.2.)N
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3249(200,000)X
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2599(only)X
2761(for)X
2875(the)X
2993(20,000)X
3233(part)X
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3 f
555 1938(5.2.1.)N
775(Implementation)X
1 f
755 2061(The)N
920(LIBTP)X
1182(implementation)X
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2205(the)X
2342(TCL)X
2532([OUST90])X
2914(interface)X
3235(described)X
3582(earlier.)X
3867(The)X
4031(backend)X
555 2151(accepts)N
813(commands)X
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1534(socket)X
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2208(the)X
2327(requested)X
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3242(The)X
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555 2241(a)N
618(TCL)X
796(script.)X
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755 2454(The)N
903(parts)X
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2 f
2377(id)X
1 f
2439(.)X
2501(The)X
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824(using)X
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1752(from)X
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1923(\256eld)X
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2 f
3937(to)X
1 f
4019(\256eld)X
4181(to)X
4263(a)X
555 2724(connection)N
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2955(id)X
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3017(,)X
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4051(to)X
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555 2904(the)N
673(part)X
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3 f
555 3090(5.2.2.)N
775(Performance)X
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1 f
755 3213(We)N
888(compare)X
1186(LIBTP's)X
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2602(in)X
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4119(a)X
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555 3303(3/280)N
759(\(25)X
888(MHz)X
1075(MC68020\))X
1448(with)X
1612(16)X
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1989(of)X
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2505(two)X
2647(Hitachi)X
2904(892MByte)X
3267(disks)X
3452(\(15)X
3580(ms)X
3694(average)X
3966(seek)X
4130(time\))X
555 3393(behind)N
793(an)X
889(SMD-4)X
1149(controller.)X
1521(Frontends)X
1861(ran)X
1984(on)X
2084(an)X
2180(8MByte)X
2462(Sun)X
2606(3/260.)X
755 3516(In)N
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1839(on)X
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1999(machine)X
2293(of)X
2382(roughly)X
2653(equivalent)X
3009(processor)X
3339(power,)X
3582(we)X
3698(ran)X
3822(one)X
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4069(of)X
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555 3606(on)N
666(a)X
733(standalone)X
1107(MC68030-based)X
1671(HP300)X
1923(\(33MHz)X
2225(MC68030\).)X
2646(The)X
2801(database)X
3108(was)X
3263(stored)X
3489(on)X
3599(a)X
3665(300MByte)X
4037(HP7959)X
555 3696(SCSI)N
744(disk)X
898(\(17)X
1026(ms)X
1139(average)X
1410(seek)X
1573(time\).)X
1802(Since)X
2000(this)X
2135(machine)X
2427(is)X
2500(not)X
2622(connected)X
2968(to)X
3050(a)X
3106(network,)X
3409(we)X
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3646(local)X
3822(tests)X
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555 3786(frontend)N
855(and)X
999(backend)X
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3316(with)X
3485(Cattell's)X
3783(local)X
3966(Sun)X
4117(3/280)X
555 3876(numbers.)N
755 3999(Because)N
1051(the)X
1177(benchmark)X
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1849(remote)X
2100(access,)X
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825(memory)X
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1998(DEC)X
2184(1GByte)X
2459(RZ57)X
2666(SCSI)X
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3744(DECstation)X
4139(3100)X
555 4269(with)N
717(16)X
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755 4392(The)N
900(databases)X
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1880(are)X
10 f
635 4515(g)N
1 f
755(INDEX,)X
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1898(method)X
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2870(Sun)X
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10 f
635 4638(g)N
1 f
755(OODBMS,)X
1137(a)X
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10 f
635 4761(g)N
1 f
755(RDBMS,)X
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555 5064(hardware.)N
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755 5187(Table)N
960(two)X
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872(Since)X
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749(HP)X
877(drive)X
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4027(examine)X

15 p
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10 s 10 xH 0 xS 1 f
3 f
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10 f
555 679(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
2 f
606 769(Measure)N
1 f
1019(INDEX)X
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10 f
555 771(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
555 787(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
1 f
595 869(Lookup)N
1114(5.4)X
1490(12.9)X
1950(27)X
2291(27.2)X
595 959(Traversal)N
1074(13)X
1530(9.8)X
1950(90)X
2291(47.3)X
595 1049(Insert)N
1114(7.4)X
1530(1.5)X
1950(22)X
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10 f
555 1059(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)N
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959 1059(c)N
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839(c)Y
759(c)Y
1329 1059(c)N
999(c)Y
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839(c)Y
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1791 1059(c)N
999(c)Y
919(c)Y
839(c)Y
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2190 1059(c)N
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919(c)Y
839(c)Y
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2512 1059(c)N
999(c)Y
919(c)Y
839(c)Y
759(c)Y
2618 679(i)N
2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
2 f
2829 769(Measure)N
3401(Cache)X
3726(Local)X
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1 f
10 f
2618 771(i)N
2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
2618 787(i)N
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1 f
2658 869(Lookup)N
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10 f
2618 969(i)N
2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
1 f
2658 1059(Forward)N
2950(traversal)X
3401(cold)X
3747(28.4)X
4078(52.6)X
3401 1149(warm)N
3747(23.5)X
4078(47.4)X
10 f
2618 1159(i)N
2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
1 f
2658 1249(Backward)N
3004(traversal)X
3401(cold)X
3747(24.2)X
4078(47.4)X
3401 1339(warm)N
3747(24.3)X
4078(47.6)X
10 f
2618 1349(i)N
2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
1 f
2658 1439(Insert)N
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4078(10.3)X
3401 1529(warm)N
3787(6.7)X
4078(10.9)X
10 f
2618 1539(i)N
2629(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)X
2618(c)X
1479(c)Y
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1239(c)Y
1159(c)Y
1079(c)Y
999(c)Y
919(c)Y
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759(c)Y
3341 1539(c)N
1479(c)Y
1399(c)Y
1319(c)Y
1239(c)Y
1159(c)Y
1079(c)Y
999(c)Y
919(c)Y
839(c)Y
759(c)Y
3666 1539(c)N
1479(c)Y
1399(c)Y
1319(c)Y
1239(c)Y
1159(c)Y
1079(c)Y
999(c)Y
919(c)Y
839(c)Y
759(c)Y
3968 1539(c)N
1479(c)Y
1399(c)Y
1319(c)Y
1239(c)Y
1159(c)Y
1079(c)Y
999(c)Y
919(c)Y
839(c)Y
759(c)Y
4309 1539(c)N
1479(c)Y
1399(c)Y
1319(c)Y
1239(c)Y
1159(c)Y
1079(c)Y
999(c)Y
919(c)Y
839(c)Y
759(c)Y
3 f
587 1785(Table)N
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883(on)X
987(OO1.)X
2667 1785(Table)N
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3397(Remote)X
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2667 1875(LIBTP)N
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3030(OO1.)X
1 f
10 f
555 1998(h)N
579(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)X
1 f
555 2274(two)N
696(disk)X
850(pages,)X
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2408(of)X
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2794(size.)X
2980(Cattell)X
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3458(that)X
3599(lookups)X
3873(using)X
4067(B-trees)X
555 2364(instead)N
808(of)X
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1776(twice)X
1976(as)X
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2237(in)X
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3 f
3704(db)X
1 f
3792(\(3\))X
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555 2454(existing)N
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1986(good)X
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755 2577(Both)N
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555 2847(increased)N
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555 3207(it)N
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755 3330(The)N
911(RDBMS)X
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1925(closer)X
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2783(A)X
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3100(process)X
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1974(id)X
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3385 4853(5)N
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555 5536(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh)N
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727 5614(5)N
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555 630(stricter)N
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555 2142(7.)N
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2 f
1134(CommUNIXations)X
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1725(,)X
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3155(Acta)X
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1 f
3700(,)X
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1402(Proceedings)X
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1 f
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2001(Proceedings)X
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1 f
2812(,)X
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2 f
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1 f
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727 5331(15\(4\);)N
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2 f
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1 f
1328(6\(2\);)X
1504(213-226,)X
1811(1981.)X

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