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Changes between release 2.5.4 (11Sep96) and release 2.5.3:
- Fixed a bug introduced in 2.5.3 that blew it when a call
to input() occurred at the end of an input file.
- Fixed scanner skeleton so the example in the man page of
scanning strings using exclusive start conditions works.
- Minor Makefile tweaks.
Changes between release 2.5.3 (29May96) and release 2.5.2:
- Some serious bugs in yymore() have been fixed. In particular,
when using AT&T-lex-compatibility or %array, you can intermix
calls to input(), unput(), and yymore(). (This still doesn't
work for %pointer, and isn't likely to in the future.)
- A bug in handling NUL's in the input stream of scanners using
REJECT has been fixed.
- The default main() in libfl.a now repeatedly calls yylex() until
it returns 0, rather than just calling it once.
- Minor tweak for Windows NT Makefile, MISC/NT/Makefile.
Changes between release 2.5.2 (25Apr95) and release 2.5.1:
- The --prefix configuration option now works.
- A bug that completely broke the "-Cf" table compression
option has been fixed.
- A major headache involving "const" declarators and Solaris
systems has been fixed.
- An octal escape sequence in a flex regular expression must
now contain only the digits 0-7.
- You can now use "--" on the flex command line to mark the
end of flex options.
- You can now specify the filename '-' as a synonym for stdin.
- By default, the scanners generated by flex no longer
statically initialize yyin and yyout to stdin and stdout.
This change is necessary because in some ANSI environments,
stdin and stdout are not compile-time constant. You can
force the initialization using "%option stdinit" in the first
section of your flex input.
- "%option nounput" now correctly omits the unput() routine
from the output.
- "make clean" now removes config.log, config.cache, and the
flex binary. The fact that it removes the flex binary means
you should take care if making changes to scan.l, to make
sure you don't wind up in a bootstrap problem.
- In general, the Makefile has been reworked somewhat (thanks
to Francois Pinard) for added flexibility - more changes will
follow in subsequent releases.
- The .texi and .info files in MISC/texinfo/ have been updated,
thanks also to Francois Pinard.
- The FlexLexer::yylex(istream* new_in, ostream* new_out) method
now does not have a default for the first argument, to disambiguate
it from FlexLexer::yylex().
- A bug in destructing a FlexLexer object before doing any scanning
with it has been fixed.
- A problem with including FlexLexer.h multiple times has been fixed.
- The alloca() chud necessary to accommodate bison has grown
even uglier, but hopefully more correct.
- A portability tweak has been added to accommodate compilers that
use char* generic pointers.
- EBCDIC contact information in the file MISC/EBCDIC has been updated.
- An OS/2 Makefile and config.h for flex 2.5 is now available in
MISC/OS2/, contributed by Kai Uwe Rommel.
- The descrip.mms file for building flex under VMS has been updated,
thanks to Pat Rankin.
- The notes on building flex for the Amiga have been updated for
flex 2.5, contributed by Andreas Scherer.
Changes between release 2.5.1 (28Mar95) and release 2.4.7:
- A new concept of "start condition" scope has been introduced.
A start condition scope is begun with:
<SCs>{
where SCs is a list of one or more start conditions. Inside
the start condition scope, every rule automatically has the
prefix <SCs> applied to it, until a '}' which matches the
initial '{'. So, for example:
<ESC>{
"\\n" return '\n';
"\\r" return '\r';
"\\f" return '\f';
"\\0" return '\0';
}
is equivalent to:
<ESC>"\\n" return '\n';
<ESC>"\\r" return '\r';
<ESC>"\\f" return '\f';
<ESC>"\\0" return '\0';
As indicated in this example, rules inside start condition scopes
(and any rule, actually, other than the first) can be indented,
to better show the extent of the scope.
Start condition scopes may be nested.
- The new %option directive can be used in the first section of
a flex scanner to control scanner-generation options. Most
options are given simply as names, optionally preceded by the
word "no" (with no intervening whitespace) to negate their
meaning. Some are equivalent to flex flags, so putting them
in your scanner source is equivalent to always specifying
the flag (%option's take precedence over flags):
7bit -7 option
8bit -8 option
align -Ca option
backup -b option
batch -B option
c++ -+ option
caseful opposite of -i option (caseful is the default);
case-sensitive same as above
caseless -i option;
case-insensitive same as above
debug -d option
default opposite of -s option
ecs -Ce option
fast -F option
full -f option
interactive -I option
lex-compat -l option
meta-ecs -Cm option
perf-report -p option
read -Cr option
stdout -t option
verbose -v option
warn opposite of -w option (so use "%option nowarn" for -w)
array equivalent to "%array"
pointer equivalent to "%pointer" (default)
Some provide new features:
always-interactive generate a scanner which always
considers its input "interactive" (no call to isatty()
will be made when the scanner runs)
main supply a main program for the scanner, which
simply calls yylex(). Implies %option noyywrap.
never-interactive generate a scanner which never
considers its input "interactive" (no call to isatty()
will be made when the scanner runs)
stack if set, enable start condition stacks (see below)
stdinit if unset ("%option nostdinit"), initialize yyin
and yyout statically to nil FILE* pointers, instead
of stdin and stdout
yylineno if set, keep track of the current line
number in global yylineno (this option is expensive
in terms of performance). The line number is available
to C++ scanning objects via the new member function
lineno().
yywrap if unset ("%option noyywrap"), scanner does not
call yywrap() upon EOF but simply assumes there
are no more files to scan
Flex scans your rule actions to determine whether you use the
REJECT or yymore features (this is not new). Two %options can be
used to override its decision, either by setting them to indicate
the feature is indeed used, or unsetting them to indicate it
actually is not used:
reject
yymore
Three %option's take string-delimited values, offset with '=':
outfile="<name>" equivalent to -o<name>
prefix="<name>" equivalent to -P<name>
yyclass="<name>" set the name of the C++ scanning class
(see below)
A number of %option's are available for lint purists who
want to suppress the appearance of unneeded routines in
the generated scanner. Each of the following, if unset,
results in the corresponding routine not appearing in the
generated scanner:
input, unput
yy_push_state, yy_pop_state, yy_top_state
yy_scan_buffer, yy_scan_bytes, yy_scan_string
You can specify multiple options with a single %option directive,
and multiple directives in the first section of your flex input file.
- The new function:
YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_string( const char *str )
returns a YY_BUFFER_STATE (which also becomes the current input
buffer) for scanning the given string, which occurs starting
with the next call to yylex(). The string must be NUL-terminated.
A related function:
YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_bytes( const char *bytes, int len )
creates a buffer for scanning "len" bytes (including possibly NUL's)
starting at location "bytes".
Note that both of these functions create and scan a *copy* of
the string/bytes. (This may be desirable, since yylex() modifies
the contents of the buffer it is scanning.) You can avoid the
copy by using:
YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_buffer( char *base, yy_size_t size )
which scans in place the buffer starting at "base", consisting
of "size" bytes, the last two bytes of which *must* be
YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR (these bytes are not scanned; thus, scanning
consists of base[0] through base[size-2], inclusive). If you
fail to set up "base" in this manner, yy_scan_buffer returns a
nil pointer instead of creating a new input buffer.
The type yy_size_t is an integral type to which you can cast
an integer expression reflecting the size of the buffer.
- Three new routines are available for manipulating stacks of
start conditions:
void yy_push_state( int new_state )
pushes the current start condition onto the top of the stack
and BEGIN's "new_state" (recall that start condition names are
also integers).
void yy_pop_state()
pops the top of the stack and BEGIN's to it, and
int yy_top_state()
returns the top of the stack without altering the stack's
contents.
The start condition stack grows dynamically and so has no built-in
size limitation. If memory is exhausted, program execution
is aborted.
To use start condition stacks, your scanner must include
a "%option stack" directive.
- flex now supports POSIX character class expressions. These
are expressions enclosed inside "[:" and ":]" delimiters (which
themselves must appear between the '[' and ']' of a character
class; other elements may occur inside the character class, too).
The expressions flex recognizes are:
[:alnum:] [:alpha:] [:blank:] [:cntrl:] [:digit:] [:graph:]
[:lower:] [:print:] [:punct:] [:space:] [:upper:] [:xdigit:]
These expressions all designate a set of characters equivalent to
the corresponding isXXX function (for example, [:alnum:] designates
those characters for which isalnum() returns true - i.e., any
alphabetic or numeric). Some systems don't provide isblank(),
so flex defines [:blank:] as a blank or a tab.
For example, the following character classes are all equivalent:
[[:alnum:]]
[[:alpha:][:digit:]
[[:alpha:]0-9]
[a-zA-Z0-9]
If your scanner is case-insensitive (-i flag), then [:upper:]
and [:lower:] are equivalent to [:alpha:].
- The promised rewrite of the C++ FlexLexer class has not yet
been done. Support for FlexLexer is limited at the moment to
fixing show-stopper bugs, so, for example, the new functions
yy_scan_string() & friends are not available to FlexLexer
objects.
- The new macro
yy_set_interactive(is_interactive)
can be used to control whether the current buffer is considered
"interactive". An interactive buffer is processed more slowly,
but must be used when the scanner's input source is indeed
interactive to avoid problems due to waiting to fill buffers
(see the discussion of the -I flag in flex.1). A non-zero value
in the macro invocation marks the buffer as interactive, a zero
value as non-interactive. Note that use of this macro overrides
"%option always-interactive" or "%option never-interactive".
yy_set_interactive() must be invoked prior to beginning to
scan the buffer.
- The new macro
yy_set_bol(at_bol)
can be used to control whether the current buffer's scanning
context for the next token match is done as though at the
beginning of a line (non-zero macro argument; makes '^' anchored
rules active) or not at the beginning of a line (zero argument,
'^' rules inactive).
- Related to this change, the mechanism for determining when a scan is
starting at the beginning of a line has changed. It used to be
that '^' was active iff the character prior to that at which the
scan started was a newline. The mechanism now is that '^' is
active iff the last token ended in a newline (or the last call to
input() returned a newline). For most users, the difference in
mechanisms is negligible. Where it will make a difference,
however, is if unput() or yyless() is used to alter the input
stream. When in doubt, use yy_set_bol().
- The new beginning-of-line mechanism involved changing some fairly
twisted code, so it may have introduced bugs - beware ...
- The macro YY_AT_BOL() returns true if the next token scanned from
the current buffer will have '^' rules active, false otherwise.
- The new function
void yy_flush_buffer( struct yy_buffer_state* b )
flushes the contents of the current buffer (i.e., next time
the scanner attempts to match a token using b as the current
buffer, it will begin by invoking YY_INPUT to fill the buffer).
This routine is also available to C++ scanners (unlike some
of the other new routines).
The related macro
YY_FLUSH_BUFFER
flushes the contents of the current buffer.
- A new "-ooutput" option writes the generated scanner to "output".
If used with -t, the scanner is still written to stdout, but
its internal #line directives (see previous item) use "output".
- Flex now generates #line directives relating the code it
produces to the output file; this means that error messages
in the flex-generated code should be correctly pinpointed.
- When generating #line directives, filenames with embedded '\'s
have those characters escaped (i.e., turned into '\\'). This
feature helps with reporting filenames for some MS-DOS and OS/2
systems.
- The FlexLexer class includes two new public member functions:
virtual void switch_streams( istream* new_in = 0,
ostream* new_out = 0 )
reassigns yyin to new_in (if non-nil) and yyout to new_out
(ditto), deleting the previous input buffer if yyin is
reassigned. It is used by:
int yylex( istream* new_in = 0, ostream* new_out = 0 )
which first calls switch_streams() and then returns the value
of calling yylex().
- C++ scanners now have yy_flex_debug as a member variable of
FlexLexer rather than a global, and member functions for testing
and setting it.
- When generating a C++ scanning class, you can now use
%option yyclass="foo"
to inform flex that you have derived "foo" as a subclass of
yyFlexLexer, so flex will place your actions in the member
function foo::yylex() instead of yyFlexLexer::yylex(). It also
generates a yyFlexLexer::yylex() member function that generates a
run-time error if called (by invoking yyFlexLexer::LexerError()).
This feature is necessary if your subclass "foo" introduces some
additional member functions or variables that you need to access
from yylex().
- Current texinfo files in MISC/texinfo, contributed by Francois
Pinard.
- You can now change the name "flex" to something else (e.g., "lex")
by redefining $(FLEX) in the Makefile.
- Two bugs (one serious) that could cause "bigcheck" to fail have
been fixed.
- A number of portability/configuration changes have been made
for easier portability.
- You can use "YYSTATE" in your scanner as an alias for YY_START
(for AT&T lex compatibility).
- input() now maintains yylineno.
- input() no longer trashes yytext.
- interactive scanners now read characters in YY_INPUT up to a
newline, a large performance gain.
- C++ scanner objects now work with the -P option. You include
<FlexLexer.h> once per scanner - see comments in <FlexLexer.h>
(or flex.1) for details.
- C++ FlexLexer objects now use the "cerr" stream to report -d output
instead of stdio.
- The -c flag now has its full glorious POSIX interpretation (do
nothing), rather than being interpreted as an old-style -C flag.
- Scanners generated by flex now include two #define's giving
the major and minor version numbers (YY_FLEX_MAJOR_VERSION,
YY_FLEX_MINOR_VERSION). These can then be tested to see
whether certain flex features are available.
- Scanners generated using -l lex compatibility now have the symbol
YY_FLEX_LEX_COMPAT #define'd.
- When initializing (i.e., yy_init is non-zero on entry to yylex()),
generated scanners now set yy_init to zero before executing
YY_USER_INIT. This means that you can set yy_init back to a
non-zero value in YY_USER_INIT if you need the scanner to be
reinitialized on the next call.
- You can now use "#line" directives in the first section of your
scanner specification.
- When generating full-table scanners (-Cf), flex now puts braces
around each row of the 2-d array initialization, to silence warnings
on over-zealous compilers.
- Improved support for MS-DOS. The flex sources have been successfully
built, unmodified, for Borland 4.02 (all that's required is a
Borland Makefile and config.h file, which are supplied in
MISC/Borland - contributed by Terrence O Kane).
- Improved support for Macintosh using Think C - the sources should
build for this platform "out of the box". Contributed by Scott
Hofmann.
- Improved support for VMS, in MISC/VMS/, contributed by Pat Rankin.
- Support for the Amiga, in MISC/Amiga/, contributed by Andreas
Scherer. Note that the contributed files were developed for
flex 2.4 and have not been tested with flex 2.5.
- Some notes on support for the NeXT, in MISC/NeXT, contributed
by Raf Schietekat.
- The MISC/ directory now includes a preformatted version of flex.1
in flex.man, and pre-yacc'd versions of parse.y in parse.{c,h}.
- The flex.1 and flexdoc.1 manual pages have been merged. There
is now just one document, flex.1, which includes an overview
at the beginning to help you find the section you need.
- Documentation now clarifies that start conditions persist across
switches to new input files or different input buffers. If you
want to e.g., return to INITIAL, you must explicitly do so.
- The "Performance Considerations" section of the manual has been
updated.
- Documented the "yy_act" variable, which when YY_USER_ACTION is
invoked holds the number of the matched rule, and added an
example of using yy_act to profile how often each rule is matched.
- Added YY_NUM_RULES, a definition that gives the total number
of rules in the file, including the default rule (even if you
use -s).
- Documentation now clarifies that you can pass a nil FILE* pointer
to yy_create_buffer() or yyrestart() if you've arrange YY_INPUT
to not need yyin.
- Documentation now clarifies that YY_BUFFER_STATE is a pointer to
an opaque "struct yy_buffer_state".
- Documentation now stresses that you gain the benefits of removing
backing-up states only if you remove *all* of them.
- Documentation now points out that traditional lex allows you
to put the action on a separate line from the rule pattern if
the pattern has trailing whitespace (ugh!), but flex doesn't
support this.
- A broken example in documentation of the difference between
inclusive and exclusive start conditions is now fixed.
- Usage (-h) report now goes to stdout.
- Version (-V) info now goes to stdout.
- More #ifdef chud has been added to the parser in attempt to
deal with bison's use of alloca().
- "make clean" no longer deletes emacs backup files (*~).
- Some memory leaks have been fixed.
- A bug was fixed in which dynamically-expanded buffers were
reallocated a couple of bytes too small.
- A bug was fixed which could cause flex to read and write beyond
the end of the input buffer.
- -S will not be going away.
Changes between release 2.4.7 (03Aug94) and release 2.4.6:
- Fixed serious bug in reading multiple files.
- Fixed bug in scanning NUL's.
- Fixed bug in input() returning 8-bit characters.
- Fixed bug in matching text with embedded NUL's when
using %array or lex compatibility.
- Fixed multiple invocations of YY_USER_ACTION when using '|'
continuation action.
- Minor prototyping fixes.
Changes between release 2.4.6 (04Jan94) and release 2.4.5:
- Linking with -lfl no longer required if your program includes
its own yywrap() and main() functions. (This change will cause
problems if you have a non-ANSI compiler on a system for which
sizeof(int) != sizeof(void*) or sizeof(int) != sizeof(size_t).)
- The use of 'extern "C++"' in FlexLexer.h has been modified to
get around an incompatibility with g++'s header files.
Changes between release 2.4.5 (11Dec93) and release 2.4.4:
- Fixed bug breaking C++ scanners that use REJECT or variable
trailing context.
- Fixed serious input problem for interactive scanners on
systems for which char is unsigned.
- Fixed bug in incorrectly treating '$' operator as variable
trailing context.
- Fixed bug in -CF table representation that could lead to
corrupt tables.
- Fixed fairly benign memory leak.
- Added `extern "C++"' wrapper to FlexLexer.h header. This
should overcome the g++ 2.5.X problems mentioned in the
NEWS for release 2.4.3.
- Changed #include of FlexLexer.h to use <> instead of "".
- Added feature to control whether the scanner attempts to
refill the input buffer once it's exhausted. This feature
will be documented in the 2.5 release.
Changes between release 2.4.4 (07Dec93) and release 2.4.3:
- Fixed two serious bugs in scanning 8-bit characters.
- Fixed bug in YY_USER_ACTION that caused it to be executed
inappropriately (on the scanner's own internal actions, and
with incorrect yytext/yyleng values).
- Fixed bug in pointing yyin at a new file and resuming scanning.
- Portability fix regarding min/max/abs macros conflicting with
function definitions in standard header files.
- Added a virtual LexerError() method to the C++ yyFlexLexer class
for reporting error messages instead of always using cerr.
- Added warning in flexdoc that the C++ scanning class is presently
experimental and subject to considerable change between major
releases.
Changes between release 2.4.3 (03Dec93) and release 2.4.2:
- Fixed bug causing fatal scanner messages to fail to print.
- Fixed things so FlexLexer.h can be included in other C++
sources. One side-effect of this change is that -+ and -CF
are now incompatible.
- libfl.a now supplies private versions of the the <string.h>/
<strings.h> string routines needed by flex and the scanners
it generates, to enhance portability to some BSD systems.
- More robust solution to 2.4.2's flexfatal() bug fix.
- Added ranlib of installed libfl.a.
- Some lint tweaks.
- NOTE: problems have been encountered attempting to build flex
C++ scanners using g++ version 2.5.X. The problem is due to an
unfortunate heuristic in g++ 2.5.X that attempts to discern between
C and C++ headers. Because FlexLexer.h is installed (by default)
in /usr/local/include and not /usr/local/lib/g++-include, g++ 2.5.X
decides that it's a C header :-(. So if you have problems, install
the header in /usr/local/lib/g++-include instead.
Changes between release 2.4.2 (01Dec93) and release 2.4.1:
- Fixed bug in libfl.a referring to non-existent "flexfatal" function.
- Modified to produce both compress'd and gzip'd tar files for
distributions (you probably don't care about this change!).
Changes between release 2.4.1 (30Nov93) and release 2.3.8:
- The new '-+' flag instructs flex to generate a C++ scanner class
(thanks to Kent Williams). flex writes an implementation of the
class defined in FlexLexer.h to lex.yy.cc. You may include
multiple scanner classes in your program using the -P flag. Note
that the scanner class also provides a mechanism for creating
reentrant scanners. The scanner class uses C++ streams for I/O
instead of FILE*'s (thanks to Tom Epperly). If the flex executable's
name ends in '+' then the '-+' flag is automatically on, so creating
a symlink or copy of "flex" to "flex++" results in a version of
flex that can be used exclusively for C++ scanners.
Note that without the '-+' flag, flex-generated scanners can still
be compiled using C++ compilers, though they use FILE*'s for I/O
instead of streams.
See the "GENERATING C++ SCANNERS" section of flexdoc for details.
- The new '-l' flag turns on maximum AT&T lex compatibility. In
particular, -l includes support for "yylineno" and makes yytext
be an array instead of a pointer. It does not, however, do away
with all incompatibilities. See the "INCOMPATIBILITIES WITH LEX
AND POSIX" section of flexdoc for details.
- The new '-P' option specifies a prefix to use other than "yy"
for the scanner's globally-visible variables, and for the
"lex.yy.c" filename. Using -P you can link together multiple
flex scanners in the same executable.
- The distribution includes a "texinfo" version of flexdoc.1,
contributed by Roland Pesch (thanks also to Marq Kole, who
contributed another version). It has not been brought up to
date, but reflects version 2.3. See MISC/flex.texinfo.
The flex distribution will soon include G.T. Nicol's flex
manual; he is presently bringing it up-to-date for version 2.4.
- yywrap() is now a function, and you now *must* link flex scanners
with libfl.a.
- Site-configuration is now done via an autoconf-generated
"configure" script contributed by Francois Pinard.
- Scanners now use fread() (or getc(), if interactive) and not
read() for input. A new "table compression" option, -Cr,
overrides this change and causes the scanner to use read()
(because read() is a bit faster than fread()). -f and -F
are now equivalent to -Cfr and -CFr; i.e., they imply the
-Cr option.
- In the blessed name of POSIX compliance, flex supports "%array"
and "%pointer" directives in the definitions (first) section of
the scanner specification. The former specifies that yytext
should be an array (of size YYLMAX), the latter, that it should
be a pointer. The array version of yytext is universally slower
than the pointer version, but has the advantage that its contents
remain unmodified across calls to input() and unput() (the pointer
version of yytext is, still, trashed by such calls).
"%array" cannot be used with the '-+' C++ scanner class option.
- The new '-Ca' option directs flex to trade off memory for
natural alignment when generating a scanner's tables. In
particular, table entries that would otherwise be "short"
become "long".
- The new '-h' option produces a summary of the flex flags.
- The new '-V' option reports the flex version number and exits.
- The new scanner macro YY_START returns an integer value
corresponding to the current start condition. You can return
to that start condition by passing the value to a subsequent
"BEGIN" action. You also can implement "start condition stacks"
by storing the values in an integer stack.
- You can now redefine macros such as YY_INPUT by just #define'ing
them to some other value in the first section of the flex input;
no need to first #undef them.
- flex now generates warnings for rules that can't be matched.
These warnings can be turned off using the new '-w' flag. If
your scanner uses REJECT then you will not get these warnings.
- If you specify the '-s' flag but the default rule can be matched,
flex now generates a warning.
- "yyleng" is now a global, and may be modified by the user (though
doing so and then using yymore() will yield weird results).
- Name definitions in the first section of a scanner specification
can now include a leading '^' or trailing '$' operator. In this
case, the definition is *not* pushed back inside of parentheses.
- Scanners with compressed tables are now "interactive" (-I option)
by default. You can suppress this attribute (which makes them
run slightly slower) using the new '-B' flag.
- Flex now generates 8-bit scanners by default, unless you use the
-Cf or -CF compression options (-Cfe and -CFe result in 8-bit
scanners). You can force it to generate a 7-bit scanner using
the new '-7' flag. You can build flex to generate 8-bit scanners
for -Cf and -CF, too, by adding -DDEFAULT_CSIZE=256 to CFLAGS
in the Makefile.
- You no longer need to call the scanner routine yyrestart() to
inform the scanner that you have switched to a new file after
having seen an EOF on the current input file. Instead, just
point yyin at the new file and continue scanning.
- You no longer need to invoke YY_NEW_FILE in an <<EOF>> action
to indicate you wish to continue scanning. Simply point yyin
at a new file.
- A leading '#' no longer introduces a comment in a flex input.
- flex no longer considers formfeed ('\f') a whitespace character.
- %t, I'm happy to report, has been nuked.
- The '-p' option may be given twice ('-pp') to instruct flex to
report minor performance problems as well as major ones.
- The '-v' verbose output no longer includes start/finish time
information.
- Newlines in flex inputs can optionally include leading or
trailing carriage-returns ('\r'), in support of several PC/Mac
run-time libraries that automatically include these.
- A start condition of the form "<*>" makes the following rule
active in every start condition, whether exclusive or inclusive.
- The following items have been corrected in the flex documentation:
- '-C' table compression options *are* cumulative.
- You may modify yytext but not lengthen it by appending
characters to the end. Modifying its final character
will affect '^' anchoring for the next rule matched
if the character is changed to or from a newline.
- The term "backtracking" has been renamed "backing up",
since it is a one-time repositioning and not a repeated
search. What used to be the "lex.backtrack" file is now
"lex.backup".
- Unindented "/* ... */" comments are allowed in the first
flex input section, but not in the second.
- yyless() can only be used in the flex input source, not
externally.
- You can use "yyrestart(yyin)" to throw away the
current contents of the input buffer.
- To write high-speed scanners, attempt to match as much
text as possible with each rule. See MISC/fastwc/README
for more information.
- Using the beginning-of-line operator ('^') is fairly
cheap. Using unput() is expensive. Using yyless() is
cheap.
- An example of scanning strings with embedded escape
sequences has been added.
- The example of backing-up in flexdoc was erroneous; it
has been corrected.
- A flex scanner's internal buffer now dynamically grows if needed
to match large tokens. Note that growing the buffer presently
requires rescanning the (large) token, so consuming a lot of
text this way is a slow process. Also note that presently the
buffer does *not* grow if you unput() more text than can fit
into the buffer.
- The MISC/ directory has been reorganized; see MISC/README for
details.
- yyless() can now be used in the third (user action) section
of a scanner specification, thanks to Ceriel Jacobs. yyless()
remains a macro and cannot be used outside of the scanner source.
- The skeleton file is no longer opened at run-time, but instead
compiled into a large string array (thanks to John Gilmore and
friends at Cygnus). You can still use the -S flag to point flex
at a different skeleton file.
- flex no longer uses a temporary file to store the scanner's
actions.
- A number of changes have been made to decrease porting headaches.
In particular, flex no longer uses memset() or ctime(), and
provides a single simple mechanism for dealing with C compilers
that still define malloc() as returning char* instead of void*.
- Flex now detects if the scanner specification requires the -8 flag
but the flag was not given or on by default.
- A number of table-expansion fencepost bugs have been fixed,
making flex more robust for generating large scanners.
- flex more consistently identifies the location of errors in
its input.
- YY_USER_ACTION is now invoked only for "real" actions, not for
internal actions used by the scanner for things like filling
the buffer or handling EOF.
- The rule "[^]]" now matches any character other than a ']';
formerly it matched any character at all followed by a ']'.
This change was made for compatibility with AT&T lex.
- A large number of miscellaneous bugs have been found and fixed
thanks to Gerhard Wilhelms.
- The source code has been heavily reformatted, making patches
relative to previous flex releases no longer accurate.
Changes between 2.3 Patch #8 (21Feb93) and 2.3 Patch #7:
- Fixed bugs in dynamic memory allocation leading to grievous
fencepost problems when generating large scanners.
- Fixed bug causing infinite loops on character classes with 8-bit
characters in them.
- Fixed bug in matching repetitions with a lower bound of 0.
- Fixed bug in scanning NUL characters using an "interactive" scanner.
- Fixed bug in using yymore() at the end of a file.
- Fixed bug in misrecognizing rules with variable trailing context.
- Fixed bug compiling flex on Suns using gcc 2.
- Fixed bug in not recognizing that input files with the character
ASCII 128 in them require the -8 flag.
- Fixed bug that could cause an infinite loop writing out
error messages.
- Fixed bug in not recognizing old-style lex % declarations if
followed by a tab instead of a space.
- Fixed potential crash when flex terminated early (usually due
to a bad flag) and the -v flag had been given.
- Added some missing declarations of void functions.
- Changed to only use '\a' for __STDC__ compilers.
- Updated mailing addresses.
Changes between 2.3 Patch #7 (28Mar91) and 2.3 Patch #6:
- Fixed out-of-bounds array access that caused bad tables
to be produced on machines where the bad reference happened
to yield a 1. This caused problems installing or running
flex on some Suns, in particular.
Changes between 2.3 Patch #6 (29Aug90) and 2.3 Patch #5:
- Fixed a serious bug in yymore() which basically made it
completely broken. Thanks goes to Jean Christophe of
the Nethack development team for finding the problem
and passing along the fix.
Changes between 2.3 Patch #5 (16Aug90) and 2.3 Patch #4:
- An up-to-date version of initscan.c so "make test" will
work after applying the previous patches
Changes between 2.3 Patch #4 (14Aug90) and 2.3 Patch #3:
- Fixed bug in hexadecimal escapes which allowed only digits,
not letters, in escapes
- Fixed bug in previous "Changes" file!
Changes between 2.3 Patch #3 (03Aug90) and 2.3 Patch #2:
- Correction to patch #2 for gcc compilation; thanks goes to
Paul Eggert for catching this.
Changes between 2.3 Patch #2 (02Aug90) and original 2.3 release:
- Fixed (hopefully) headaches involving declaring malloc()
and free() for gcc, which defines __STDC__ but (often) doesn't
come with the standard include files such as <stdlib.h>.
Reordered #ifdef maze in the scanner skeleton in the hope of
getting the declarations right for cfront and g++, too.
- Note that this patch supercedes patch #1 for release 2.3,
which was never announced but was available briefly for
anonymous ftp.
Changes between 2.3 (full) release of 28Jun90 and 2.2 (alpha) release:
User-visible:
- A lone <<EOF>> rule (that is, one which is not qualified with
a list of start conditions) now specifies the EOF action for
*all* start conditions which haven't already had <<EOF>> actions
given. To specify an end-of-file action for just the initial
state, use <INITIAL><<EOF>>.
- -d debug output is now contigent on the global yy_flex_debug
being set to a non-zero value, which it is by default.
- A new macro, YY_USER_INIT, is provided for the user to specify
initialization action to be taken on the first call to the
scanner. This action is done before the scanner does its
own initialization.
- yy_new_buffer() has been added as an alias for yy_create_buffer()
- Comments beginning with '#' and extending to the end of the line
now work, but have been deprecated (in anticipation of making
flex recognize #line directives).
- The funky restrictions on when semi-colons could follow the
YY_NEW_FILE and yyless macros have been removed. They now
behave identically to functions.
- A bug in the sample redefinition of YY_INPUT in the documentation
has been corrected.
- A bug in the sample simple tokener in the documentation has
been corrected.
- The documentation on the incompatibilities between flex and
lex has been reordered so that the discussion of yylineno
and input() come first, as it's anticipated that these will
be the most common source of headaches.
Things which didn't used to be documented but now are:
- flex interprets "^foo|bar" differently from lex. flex interprets
it as "match either a 'foo' or a 'bar', providing it comes at the
beginning of a line", whereas lex interprets it as "match either
a 'foo' at the beginning of a line, or a 'bar' anywhere".
- flex initializes the global "yyin" on the first call to the
scanner, while lex initializes it at compile-time.
- yy_switch_to_buffer() can be used in the yywrap() macro/routine.
- flex scanners do not use stdio for their input, and hence when
writing an interactive scanner one must explictly call fflush()
after writing out a prompt.
- flex scanner can be made reentrant (after a fashion) by using
"yyrestart( yyin );". This is useful for interactive scanners
which have interrupt handlers that long-jump out of the scanner.
- a defense of why yylineno is not supported is included, along
with a suggestion on how to convert scanners which rely on it.
Other changes:
- Prototypes and proper declarations of void routines have
been added to the flex source code, courtesy of Kevin B. Kenny.
- Routines dealing with memory allocation now use void* pointers
instead of char* - see Makefile for porting implications.
- Error-checking is now done when flex closes a file.
- Various lint tweaks were added to reduce the number of gripes.
- Makefile has been further parameterized to aid in porting.
- Support for SCO Unix added.
- Flex now sports the latest & greatest UC copyright notice
(which is only slightly different from the previous one).
- A note has been added to flexdoc.1 mentioning work in progress
on modifying flex to generate straight C code rather than a
table-driven automaton, with an email address of whom to contact
if you are working along similar lines.
Changes between 2.2 Patch #3 (30Mar90) and 2.2 Patch #2:
- fixed bug which caused -I scanners to bomb
Changes between 2.2 Patch #2 (27Mar90) and 2.2 Patch #1:
- fixed bug writing past end of input buffer in yyunput()
- fixed bug detecting NUL's at the end of a buffer
Changes between 2.2 Patch #1 (23Mar90) and 2.2 (alpha) release:
- Makefile fixes: definition of MAKE variable for systems
which don't have it; installation of flexdoc.1 along with
flex.1; fixed two bugs which could cause "bigtest" to fail.
- flex.skel fix for compiling with g++.
- README and flexdoc.1 no longer list an out-of-date BITNET address
for contacting me.
- minor typos and formatting changes to flex.1 and flexdoc.1.
Changes between 2.2 (alpha) release of March '90 and previous release:
User-visible:
- Full user documentation now available.
- Support for 8-bit scanners.
- Scanners now accept NUL's.
- A facility has been added for dealing with multiple
input buffers.
- Two manual entries now. One which fully describes flex
(rather than just its differences from lex), and the
other for quick(er) reference.
- A number of changes to bring flex closer into compliance
with the latest POSIX lex draft:
%t support
flex now accepts multiple input files and concatenates
them together to form its input
previous -c (compress) flag renamed -C
do-nothing -c and -n flags added
Any indented code or code within %{}'s in section 2 is
now copied to the output
- yyleng is now a bona fide global integer.
- -d debug information now gives the line number of the
matched rule instead of which number rule it was from
the beginning of the file.
- -v output now includes a summary of the flags used to generate
the scanner.
- unput() and yyrestart() are now globally callable.
- yyrestart() no longer closes the previous value of yyin.
- C++ support; generated scanners can be compiled with C++ compiler.
- Primitive -lfl library added, containing default main()
which calls yylex(). A number of routines currently living
in the scanner skeleton will probably migrate to here
in the future (in particular, yywrap() will probably cease
to be a macro and instead be a function in the -lfl library).
- Hexadecimal (\x) escape sequences added.
- Support for MS-DOS, VMS, and Turbo-C integrated.
- The %used/%unused operators have been deprecated. They
may go away soon.
Other changes:
- Makefile enhanced for easier testing and installation.
- The parser has been tweaked to detect some erroneous
constructions which previously were missed.
- Scanner input buffer overflow is now detected.
- Bugs with missing "const" declarations fixed.
- Out-of-date Minix/Atari patches provided.
- Scanners no longer require printf() unless FLEX_DEBUG is being used.
- A subtle input() bug has been fixed.
- Line numbers for "continued action" rules (those following
the special '|' action) are now correct.
- unput() bug fixed; had been causing problems porting flex to VMS.
- yymore() handling rewritten to fix bug with interaction
between yymore() and trailing context.
- EOF in actions now generates an error message.
- Bug involving -CFe and generating equivalence classes fixed.
- Bug which made -CF be treated as -Cf fixed.
- Support for SysV tmpnam() added.
- Unused #define's for scanner no longer generated.
- Error messages which are associated with a particular input
line are now all identified with their input line in standard
format.
- % directives which are valid to lex but not to flex are
now ignored instead of generating warnings.
- -DSYS_V flag can now also be specified -DUSG for System V
compilation.
Changes between 2.1 beta-test release of June '89 and previous release:
User-visible:
- -p flag generates a performance report to stderr. The report
consists of comments regarding features of the scanner rules
which result in slower scanners.
- -b flag generates backtracking information to lex.backtrack.
This is a list of scanner states which require backtracking
and the characters on which they do so. By adding rules
one can remove backtracking states. If all backtracking states
are eliminated, the generated scanner will run faster.
Backtracking is not yet documented in the manual entry.
- Variable trailing context now works, i.e., one can have
rules like "(foo)*/[ \t]*bletch". Some trailing context
patterns still cannot be properly matched and generate
error messages. These are patterns where the ending of the
first part of the rule matches the beginning of the second
part, such as "zx*/xy*", where the 'x*' matches the 'x' at
the beginning of the trailing context. Lex won't get these
patterns right either.
- Faster scanners.
- End-of-file rules. The special rule "<<EOF>>" indicates
actions which are to be taken when an end-of-file is
encountered and yywrap() returns non-zero (i.e., indicates
no further files to process). See manual entry for example.
- The -r (reject used) flag is gone. flex now scans the input
for occurrences of the string "REJECT" to determine if the
action is needed. It tries to be intelligent about this but
can be fooled. One can force the presence or absence of
REJECT by adding a line in the first section of the form
"%used REJECT" or "%unused REJECT".
- yymore() has been implemented. Similarly to REJECT, flex
detects the use of yymore(), which can be overridden using
"%used" or "%unused".
- Patterns like "x{0,3}" now work (i.e., with lower-limit == 0).
- Removed '\^x' for ctrl-x misfeature.
- Added '\a' and '\v' escape sequences.
- \<digits> now works for octal escape sequences; previously
\0<digits> was required.
- Better error reporting; line numbers are associated with rules.
- yyleng is a macro; it cannot be accessed outside of the
scanner source file.
- yytext and yyleng should not be modified within a flex action.
- Generated scanners #define the name FLEX_SCANNER.
- Rules are internally separated by YY_BREAK in lex.yy.c rather
than break, to allow redefinition.
- The macro YY_USER_ACTION can be redefined to provide an action
which is always executed prior to the matched rule's action.
- yyrestart() is a new action which can be used to restart
the scanner after it has seen an end-of-file (a "real" one,
that is, one for which yywrap() returned non-zero). It takes
a FILE* argument indicating a new file to scan and sets
things up so that a subsequent call to yylex() will start
scanning that file.
- Internal scanner names all preceded by "yy_"
- lex.yy.c is deleted if errors are encountered during processing.
- Comments may be put in the first section of the input by preceding
them with '#'.
Other changes:
- Some portability-related bugs fixed, in particular for machines
with unsigned characters or sizeof( int* ) != sizeof( int ).
Also, tweaks for VMS and Microsoft C (MS-DOS), and identifiers all
trimmed to be 31 or fewer characters. Shortened file names
for dinosaur OS's. Checks for allocating > 64K memory
on 16 bit'ers. Amiga tweaks. Compiles using gcc on a Sun-3.
- Compressed and fast scanner skeletons merged.
- Skeleton header files done away with.
- Generated scanner uses prototypes and "const" for __STDC__.
- -DSV flag is now -DSYS_V for System V compilation.
- Removed all references to FTL language.
- Software now covered by BSD Copyright.
- flex will replace lex in subsequent BSD releases.